Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Flashcards
1
Q
Early childhood or preschool years is from ages __ to __
A
2-6
2
Q
In early childhood, changes in height and weight occur more (fast/slowly) than in infancy
A
slowly
3
Q
Each year, children gain about 5-8 cm in height and about ___ kg in weight.
A
2.7
4
Q
Children who exhibit ______(higher/lower) motor activity levels demonstrate a significantly better ability to control or inhibit their behavior allowing for successful task achievement.
A
higher
5
Q
Children’s motor activity levels ______ linearly with age and tend to peak between 7 and 9 years of age- later than previously thought.
A
increase
6
Q
In terms of sleeping, most 3- to 5-year-olds need _____ hours of sleep.
A
10-13
7
Q
In early childhood, the most impressive gains are in large ______ skills.
A
muscle
8
Q
By __ to __ months,
- runs (20 months)
- walks well (24 months)
- climbs stairs with both feet on each step
- pushed and pulls boxes or wheeled toys
- unscrews lid on a jar
- shows clear hand preference
- stacks four to six blocks
- turns pages one at a time
- picks up things without overbalancing.
A
18- 24
9
Q
By __ to __ years,
- runs easily
- climbs on furniture unaided
- hauls and shoves big toys around obstacles
- picks up small objects
- throws small ball while standing
A
2-3
10
Q
By __ to __ years.
- walks upstairs one foot per step
- skips on two feet
- walks on tiptoe
- pedals and steers tricycle
- walks in any direction
- pulling large toys
- catches large ball between outstretched arms
- cuts paper with scissors
- holds pencil between thumb and fingers
A
3-4
11
Q
By __ to __ years,
- walks up and down stairs one foot per step
- stands, runs, and walks on tiptoe
- strikes ball with bat
- kicks and catches ball
- threads beads on a string
- grasps pencil properly
A
4-5
12
Q
By __ to __ years,
- skips on alternate feet
- walks on a line
- slides
- swings
- plays ball games well
- threads needle and sews large stitches
A
5-6
13
Q
Brain growth, synapse formation, and myelinization continue in early childhood, although at a pace ____ than in infancy
A
slower
14
Q
_________ is the functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
A
Lateralization
15
Q
During lateralization, the _____ _____ (connects the right and left hemispheres) grows and matures most.
A
corpus callosum
16
Q
Myelinization of the ________ _______, which is the brain structure than regulates attention and concentration leads to better cognition.
A
reticular formation
17
Q
Maturation of the ______ probably accounts for improvements in long-term memory function across the preschool years, and explains _______ amnesia.
A
hippocampus, infantile
18
Q
_________ is the strong preference for using one hand or the other that develops between 2 and 6 years of age.
A
handedness
19
Q
The cut-off age for our earliest memories seems to occur around _____ years of age.
A
2 1/2
20
Q
5 factors that facilitate the long-term narrative memory of early life events
A
- the child’s ability to verbally describe the event.
- the emotional impact it had at the time.
- the importance of the event to the child.
- the distinctiveness and uniqueness of the event.
- the age of a child when it occurred.
21
Q
Why does infantile amnesia occurs? (3)
A
- brain growth overrides
- development of autobiographical memory
- language development
22
Q
The changes in thinking that happen during early childhood are ______. At the beginning of the period, children are just beginning to learn how to accomplish goals but by the end of this period, they’re manipulating symbols, they make accurate judgments about others; thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
A
staggering
23
Q
___________ stage by Piaget is the stage in early childhood.
Children become proficient in the use of symbols in thinking and communicating but still have difficulty thinking logically.
A
Preoperational
24
Q
This is a characteristic of preoperational thinking where the young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does.
A
Egocentrism
25
This is a characteristic of preoperational thinking where the child thinks of the world in terms on one variable at a time.
Centration
26
This is a characteristic of preoperational thinking where the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity ( not developed before age 5)
Conservation
27
What are the two substages of Piaget's Preoperational stage of thinking?
1. Preconceptual (2-4 years)
e.g., imaginary friends
2. Intuitive (4-7 years)
e.g., limitations on perceptual tasks
28
Studies indicate that as many as __% of preschoolers have imaginary friends.
65
29
Children ____(does/does not) know the difference between real and not real friends.
does
30
Some errors (7) preoperational children make
- "sun sleeps"
- " I fell because the phone was ringing"
- Pronouns unidentified during storytelling (they expect you to know who they're telling the story about
- Mountain scene task
- Pencil example
- Maynard the cat becomes a dog
- Classification tasks
31
In this task, you ask children: what do you see and what does the doll see?
- the child will tell you that the doll sees what they see. They pick their own view rather than the doll's view.
Mountain scene task
32
In this task, you ask the child: What does the pencil feel like to me?
Answer: "sharp and pointy" - the child is the one holding the pointy part
Pencil example
33
de Vries showed Maynard the car to 3-6 year olds and then put a mask on Maynard and asked the children if Maynard was still a cat,
- Many 3 yr olds were fooled and they said no- that MAynard was now a dog or whatever the mask was. But __ year olds were not fooled.
6
34
Another error preoperational children make is ______ inclusion.
Jellybeans example.
Shows that they're having difficulty with whole-part relations. They think of the whole class and they can think of 2 distinct classes but they can't seem to think of the 2 at the same time.
class
35
In this preoperational stage error, when you ask children if the two trains go on the same speed, they answer Yes because they arrived at the same time.
Distance velocity
36
This is another error made by preoperational children.
To be able to conserve means that one understands that certain physical characteristics of objects stay the same even though their outward appearance changes.
Conservation of number
37
Typical age of acquisition for conservation of number and liquid
6-7 years old
38
The purpose of this task is to see if a child is focusing on the process of transformation or just the end state.
Draw a book falling
39
This task if when you ask to put lines or sticks in order. Another error preoperational children makes.
Seriation
40
This is an explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes on the tasks.
In ________ thinking, children are attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects (car is alive)
animistic
41
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes, child is thinking from particular to particular. Things that happen together close in time are thought to be associated with each other. (I fell because the phone was ringing)
Transductive thinking or reasoning
42
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes, preoperational children view the world from their own perspective and they can't take others' point of view. We see this in that mountain task and also in the pencil task and when pronouns are undefined in storytelling.
Egocentrism
43
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes,
They're easily duped by changes in appearance. Ex: Maynard the cat
This seems to hold more for tactile things. They may say that ice cube in a glove is still cold. This may have something to do with experience as well.
Appearance/ reality distinctions
44
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes,
they make judgments based on the immediate perceptual appearance of objects.
Perception bound thought
45
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes,
they can't retrace the series of steps of a problem. They can't return back to the starting point. In the conservation of liquid, if they could just go back in their mind, pour the liquid back into the other glass, they could see that it remain the same amount of liquid.
Irreversible thinking
46
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes,
They have difficulty grouping objects into hierarchy of classes and subclasses
Lacks hierarchical classification
47
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes,
They focus only on one aspect or characteristic and ignore other important features that give us useful information.
Centration
48
In this explanation for why preoperational children make mistakes,
They focus on what they see in the moment instead of what it took to get there. We see this in the train problem and when you ask them to draw a book falling.
Focus on end states vs. transformations
49
Kwong see et al. examined ____ stereotyping by children (5 years of age)
indirect measure= modified Piagetian number conservation task
age
50
________ __ ______ is a set of ideas constructed by an individual to explain other people's ideas, beliefs, desires, and behaviors.
- development of this is enhanced by pretend play and shared pretense with other children.
Theory of mind
51
________ _________ Theories also maintain that children's ability to make efficient use of their memory system influences their performance on these problem-solving tasks.
Information Processing
52
_________ _______ ______ (STSS) is theorist Robbie Case's term for the working memory. There is a limit to how many 'schemes' can be attended to.
Short-term storage space
53
___________ ________ is a neo-Piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processed in working memory at one time.
This improves as the child ages.
Operational efficiency
54
Metamemory and metacognition _____ during early childhood
improve
55
_________ is knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect one's own memory function.
- also involves making decisions when trying to retrieve information from your memory on a test.
- helps you make decisions about how to divide your study time between courses, deciding how to study, knowing what strategy work best.
Metamemory
56
_________ is the knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one's own thought processes.
Ex: you walk into a study area that is very noisy and you know that it will be too distracting for you to pay attention.
Metacognition
57
He stressed the essential role of social interactions in cognitive development
Vygotsky
58
Vygotsky's _______ _______ emphasizes the role of social factors in cognitive development
- group learning is central to cognitive development
Sociocultural Theory
59
He says there are stages and steps towards the child internalizing the ways of thinking used by the adults and older children around them.
Vygotsky
60
In this period in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, the infant possesses mental processes that are similar to those of lower animals. The infant babbles at this time but doe snot produce any language.
At this point, the child learns primarily through conditioning until language begins to develop in the 2nd year.
Primitive period
61
In this period in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, is when language begins to develop. The child learns to use language to communicate but still doesn't understand its symbolic character
Ex: the word ball may mean "give me the ball" or "throw the ball".
-The child begins to form naive sentences like "where ball" but the child doesn't understand yet the order of words in a sentence or why they should be in a particular order.
Naive psychology period
62
In this period in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, it uses language as a guide to solve problems (the child tell himself how to do things) and
becomes internalized by 6-7 years old. (instead of counting out loud, you can count in your head using short term memory)
Egocentric speech stage
63
In this period/ stage in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in a social world.
Ingrowth stage
64
Piaget said that children constructs _____ for themselves through interaction with the physical world while Vygotsky says that it's the __________ of speech routines that allows children to perform these logical tasks.
schemes, internalization
65
_____________ is the ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents.
Children rapidly form a hypothesis about a new word's meaning, then uses the word often, getting feedback to help them judge the accuracy of their hypothesis.
Fast-mapping
66
At age __ year, vocabulary is a dozen words
1
67
At age ___ vocabulary is 600 words
2 1/2
68
At age __ or __ vocabulary is 15,000 words
5 or 6
69
_____ is system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.
Grammar
70
________ ________ happens during the 3rd year.
- The child suddenly begins to speak in complex sentences, the child learns to fill in all the words missing in that telegraphic speech. Those simple 2-word sentences develop into longer and more complex sentences.
Grammar explosion
71
_______ are additions that change meaning like putting an "s" on a word to make it plural
Inflections
72
earliest inflection is the addition of -_____
ing ("where going")
73
In _______ and _______ a set of rules is used that doesn't match adult speech.
Begin to use "not" or "no" but not in the same way that adult would. (I not playing)
Preschooler may add a "where" to the beginning to ask a question ("where going")
Questions and Negatives
74
__________(overgeneralization)is using rules when they don't apply.
- part of language learning where children extend regular grammatical patterns into irregular words such as the use of "goed" instead of saying " we went"
Overregularization
75
In _______ _______, they use conjunctions to combine two ideas or using embedded clauses.
complex sentences
76
___________ Awareness is children's understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring.
- primarily develops through word play
Phonological
77
________ _______ is a strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write.
Invented spelling
78
________ _______ is the ratio of mental age to chronological age
also a general term for any kind of score derived from an intelligence test.
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
79
_______ ___________ ______ ___ ______ (WISC-V)
In this test, the child is presented different types of problems, each ranging from very easy to very hard on five primary indices: verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children
80
___ tests do a fairly good job of predicting success in school but don't measure other variables of success.
- scores for this test are quite stable across time
IQ
81
IQ tests have several important limitations; there is concerns over cultural biases associated with ________ children.
Indigenous
82
________ ______ is a range between upper and lower boundaries for traits such as intelligence, which is established by one's genes; one's environment determines where, within those limits, one will fall.
Reaction range
83
Examples of fine motor skills that improve during the preschool years include
a. holding a pencil between thumb and fingers, picking up small objects, throwing a ball while standing.
b. pushing and pulling wheeled toys, shoving toys around obstacles, pedalling and steering a tricycle.
c. standing, running and walking on tiptoe, skipping on alternate feet, sliding and swinging.
d. running easily, walking upstairs one foot per step, walking on tiptoe.
A
84
Which of the following facts suggests that lateralization of language functions is dictated by our genes?
a. Most people are right-handed.
b. Over childhood, the right side of the brain gradually becomes less involved in language processing.
c. The corpus callosum is fully developed at birth.
d. Left-side brain processing of language appears very early in life.
D
85
A child’s handedness is
a. most likely the result of genetic inheritance.
b. influenced only by genes inherited from the father.
c. ambidextrous in 14% of children.
d. determined after a child learns to write.
A
86
A social worker in a preschool has been trained to be aware of the risk factors that characterize a higher possibility of abuse. Which of the following cases would she most likely see as having the highest risk for abuse?
a. Evan has mental disabilities and his parents seem to be chronically depressed.
b. Angelica, according to her parents, was an easy baby, but has since developed a stubborn streak.
c. Ben is an only child.
d. Kimberleigh is socially outgoing, is the oldest of three siblings, and is strong-willed.
A
87
Which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characterized by symbolic representation and egocentrism?
a. postformal
b. formal operational
c. sensorimotor
d. preoperational
D
88
Flavell used a sponge painted to look like a rock to demonstrate that 4- and 5-year-olds
a. have theory of mind.
b. do not have theory of mind.
c. cannot distinguish between appearance and reality.
d. can distinguish between appearance and reality.
D
89
When assessing whether a child has mastered ___________________, you could show a child an apple made out of wax and then ask the child whether someone else who sees the wax apple for the first time would think it was really a piece of fruit.
a. conservation
b. metacognition
c. a theory of mind
d. the false belief principle
D
90
According to neo-Piagetian theory, operational efficiency is
a. the ability to distinguish between similar sound patterns in the child’s native language.
b. the speed at which information is transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory.
c. the maximum number of schemes that can be put into short-term storage space.
d. the ability to fast-map new words into existing categories of words.
C
91
Vygotsky’s theory differs from both Piagetian and information-processing theories in its emphasis on the ____________________ cognitive development.
a. role of cognitive structures in
b. role of social factors in
c. influence of brain development on
d. biological basis of
B
92
You show 4-year-old Melinda two stuffed animals—a cat and an iguana. Melinda knows what a cat is, but she does not know what an iguana is; she has never seen one or heard the word. Nevertheless, when you ask her to bring you the stuffed iguana, she is able to retrieve the correct toy. Which phenomena is demonstrated here?
a. scaffolding
b. centration
c. private speech
d. fast-mapping
D
93
Which of the following would be an example of overregularization during language learning?
a. “Give you the book.”
b. “I rided in the car.”
c. “Where going?”
d. “It not no good.”
B
94
As part of her daily instruction, a preschool teacher conducts two activities with her class. First, she has her class memorize and recite a nursery rhyme. Second, she plays a game in which she asks her class to think of words that begin with the same sound as the ending sound of a word she gives them. This teacher is working on
a. invented spelling.
b. phonological awareness.
c. semantic mapping.
d. inflection interpretation.
B
95
Cross cultural research suggests that Chinese speakers master counting earlier than English speakers. What is the likely reason for this difference?
a. Chinese children are required to attend enriched daycare beginning at one year of age.
b. Chinese parents are more likely to emphasize the importance of numeracy over literacy, and devote more time to practising counting.
c. Counting in Chinese requires the child to learn fewer and shorter words.
d. Chinese children learn to count in a more logical base 12 system.
C
96
Experiences involving informal activities, such as playing board games with dice, playing card games, measuring quantities while cooking, or setting the table at home have been shown to improve ____________ proficiency in preschoolers.
a. concentration
b. metacognitive
c. expressive
d. numeracy
D
97
One of the advantages of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children is that
a. most children score above average on this test.
b. a significant difference in how the child performs on the different types of tests may indicate particular kinds of learning problems.
c. it is quick and easy to administer and anyone can interpret the results.
d. it can distinguish children with neurological problems from those with psychological problems.
B
98
What do IQ tests do best?
a. They parcel out the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence.
b. They provide a useful set of labels for describing the functioning of young children.
c. They assess insight and creativity.
d. They measure skills that are needed for success in school.
D
99
Which behaviour is commonly seen in the parents of children with high IQs?
a. aiming their conversation at a level just below what the children could handle on their own
b. encouraging children to find the answers to their questions on their own
c. talking to their children often
d. providing play materials that are above the level of their children
C
100
In the fall, Dunbar displays an IQ score of 85. Concerned about his school performance, his parents place him in some after-school enrichment programs. In the spring, Dunbar’s IQ score rises 10 points. This situation displays an interaction between hereditary IQ and the richness of the environment surrounding the child, which is an example of
a. centration.
b. reaction range.
c. theory of mind.
d. operational efficiency.
B
101
Eighteen-month-old Moesha is very clumsy, runs awkwardly, and can stack only four blocks without knocking them over. Which statement about Moesha is most likely to be correct?
a. Lateralization of Moesha’s brain has not occurred and, from all appearances, will not take place at all.
b. Moesha is a typical 18-month-old, whose gross and fine motor skills will improve steadily throughout her preschool years.
c. Inadequate amounts of calcium and iron in Moesha’s diet are causing her awkwardness; vitamin supplements will quickly correct the problem.
d. Moesha has a neuromuscular disorder and should be examined by a neurologist as soon as possible.
B
102
Which of the following is most likely responsible for early childhood improvements in attention, concentration, and memory?
a. socialization processes, such as parental regulation of children’s behaviour
b. lateralization of the corpus callosum
c. educational experiences, such as preschool or kindergarten
d. myelinization of brain structures
D
103
Most people report that their earliest memory occurred when they were about 3 years old. Why?
a. Vocabulary development limits memory function in the first three years of life.
b. Links between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex develop around age 3.
c. Preoperational thought is required before permanent memories can be formed.
d. Symbolic thought first develops around age 3.
B
104
Which of the following statements about eating patterns in early childhood is true?
a. Parents should expect that young children will consume most of their calories at mealtime.
b. Young children only consume about one-quarter the amount of food that adults eat.
c. Preschoolers grow more rapidly in early childhood than they did when they were babies.
d. Children often develop food aversions during the preschool years.
D
105
Which of the following is not one of the concepts used to develop an understanding of conservation?
a. animism
b. compensation
c. identity
d. reversibility
A
106
The 4- to 5-year-old’s cognitive capacity to look at a situation from another person’s point of view and determine what kind of information would cause that person to believe something that isn’t true, is referred to as
a. the false belief principle.
b. perspective taking.
c. metacognition.
d. the theory of other-mindedness.
A
107
The rate at which an individual preschooler develops a theory of mind is a good predictor of
a. her social skills both later in early childhood and during the school years.
b. her speed in processing verbal information.
c. her abstract analytic ability and formal operational skills.
d. her later academic achievement in school.
A
108
What is phonological awareness?
a. children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring
b. verbal markers that convey information about feeling or context
c. the process by which children actively infer and use rules to create language
d. combinations of single words with gestures in order to communicate
A
109
Young children with basic sound–letter connection skills may write phonetically. This writing strategy is called _________.
a. phonological sequencing
b. dialogic writing
c. expressive vocabulary
d. invented spelling
D
110
Simon is 3 years old and can recite several nursery rhymes from memory. Research indicates that Simon is likely to have an easier time learning to _______ than children who are unfamiliar with nursery rhymes.
a. sing
b. count
c. read
d. dance
C
111
Of the following categories of tests, which would probably not be part of a current-day IQ test for children?
a. verbal comprehension
b. working memory
c. processing speed
d. concrete reasoning
D
112
The concept of the reaction range suggests that the upper and lower boundaries of a child’s intelligence are established by _________, and the child’s actual level of intelligence is determined by _________.
a. the rate of habituation; hereditary influences
b. her parents’ IQs; social experiences
c. a neurological substrate; the quality of formal education
d. her genes; environment
D
113
Research on preschool interventions shows that
a. adopted children benefit most from educational interventions.
b. educational interventions can raise test scores.
c. family variables are more important than education in determining children’s IQ scores.
d. IQ is strongly influenced by heredity.
B
114
