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PSYCH 223 > Chapter 17- Physical & Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Physical & Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

The study of aging from maturity (young adulthood) through older age as well as the study of older persons as a special group.

A

Gerontology

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2
Q

These are people who live to the age of 100

A

Centenarians

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3
Q

Branch of psychology aimed at understanding age-related changes in behavior and mind that individuals experience throughout the lifespan.

A

Developmental psychology

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4
Q

True or False
Gerontolgy is Interdisciplinary

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Late adulthood is now thought of as the period of tremendous ______ _______ rather than just a stage of universal decline.

A

individual variability

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6
Q

in late adulthood, we see enhancement and stability through _____________and _____________

A

selective optimization and compensation

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7
Q

What is the life span or the maximum time or span humans can live?

A

120-125 years old

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8
Q

This is an estimation of how long you can expect to live and this is calculated at different ages.

A

Life expectancy

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9
Q

The gender gap for life expectancy has been narrowing, with ______ (men or women) expected to live only 4 years longer now.

A

women

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10
Q

In adulthood, the odds of dying increase ________ each year, with much variability in death rates at higher ages.

A

exponentially

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11
Q

According to all selected scenarios, the proportion of older adults age 65 years and older should continue to _______ (increase/ decrease) in the future. So this group is projected to represent 1/4 of the population by 2036 compared to 14% in 2009.

A

increase

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12
Q

What does the life expectancy calculator looks at?

A
  • health behaviors (diet, exercise, stress)
  • weight and sex
  • sociodemographic variables (where you live, education)
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13
Q

What are two theories that explain how we age?

A
  1. Programmed Theories
  2. Error/Random theories
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14
Q

This theory of aging explains that genetic preprogramming causes aging.
-suggests that our body’s DNA, genetic code, contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells.

A

Programmed Theories

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15
Q

What are two examples of Programmed Aging Theories

A
  1. Hayflick limit
  2. Telomeric theory
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16
Q

This theory of aging is about wear-and-tear explanations of aging.
They argue that the mechanical functions of the body simply wear out with age.

A

Error/ Random Theories

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17
Q

Why are error/random theories more optimistic than the programmed theories?

A

Because they suggest that longevity can be extended by eliminating toxins produced by the body.

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18
Q

This programmed aging theory is a programmed explanation of why we age.
This refers to the number of times a cell can replicate.

The theoretical proposal that each species is subject to a genetically programmed time limit after which cells no longer have any capacity to replicate themselves accurately.

A

Hayflick limit

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19
Q

Cells taken from human adults divide only about ___ times

A

20

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20
Q

This programmed aging theory is an extension of the Hayflick limit

A

Telomeric theory

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21
Q

During old age, adult cells cannot produce the necessary levels of _____ (enzyme) needed to restore telomeres.

A

telomerase

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22
Q

_____ are string of repetitive DNA at the tip of each chromosome in the body that appears to serve as a kind of timekeeping mechanism.

A

Telomeres

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23
Q

In the telomeric theory, is there is a crucial telomere length, disease or death may come quickly when the telomere is too _____ (long/short)

A

short

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24
Q

Telomere shortening is associated with __________

A

lifetime stress

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25
Q

This refers to the organism’s inability to repair breaks in DNA strands and this results in a loss of cellular function, leading to aging.

A

Cellular damage

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26
Q

This theory of error/random aging theory occurs when undesirable chemical bonds form between proteins or fats.

A

Cross-linking

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27
Q

This theory of error/random can arise as a result of exposure to certain substances in foods, sunlight, X-rays, and air pollution.

A

Free radicals

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28
Q

In ________, the strands of the collagen molecule start to become intertwined, causing the molecules to become increasingly more rigid and smaller.

This results from exposure to certain kinds of sugars which leads to glycation, causing formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE’s)

A

cross-linking

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29
Q

______ is an error/random aging theory that cause damage to cells and this eventually impairs function.

Unstable oxygen molecules are produced when cells create energy –> They seek out and bind to other molecules –> The attacked molecule then loses its functioning.

A

free radicals

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30
Q

_______ can fend of free radicals

A

Antioxidants

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31
Q

_______ are undifferentiated cells that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized adult cells.

Over time, these cells gradually lose their ability to effectively sustain the body’s cells.

A

Stem cells

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32
Q

The ______ determines the maximum lifespan of different species

A

genotype

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33
Q

The variation in longevity of individuals within a species seems to be affected by the accumulation over time of _____ errors that compromise stem cell function

A

epigenetic

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34
Q

Aging occurs when _____ processes and interactions with the environment, like sunlight and toxins in the air, water and our diets cause changes in the structure and function of the body’s molecules and cells. Those changes in turn drive their decline, and subsequently the failure of the whole organism.

A

intrinsic

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35
Q

These affect the body’s tissues and cells. Genes silenced or expressed only at low levels in newborns become prominent in older people, leading to the development of the degenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s, which accelerate aging.

A

Epigenetic factors

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36
Q

_____ regeneration declines as we age

A

Cellular

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37
Q

______ cells decrease in number a s we get older.

A

Stem

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38
Q

_____ is a person’s subjective evaluation of his/her general health.

A

Self-rated health

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39
Q

Older Canadian adults across all three age subgroups (55-65, 65-74, and 75+) regard their health as _________

A

good or excellent

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40
Q

Fair or poor health is self0reported by ____% of those over 65 years of age

A

21

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41
Q

The proportion of fair or poor self-rated health scores jump from ___% in Canadian aged 20-24 up to _____% in Seniors aged 65 and older.

A

6.1%, 22.9%

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42
Q

_____ is the single largest factor determining the trajectory of an adults physical or mental status over years beyond 65

A

Health

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43
Q

TRUE or FALSE
An optimistic view in health helps seniors recover better from illnesses such as stroke.

A

TRUE

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44
Q

Chronic illness at age 65 is predictive of more rapid _____ in later life.

A

declines

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45
Q

___ and ____ are measures of people’s ability to adapt to everyday life. They’re a measure of a person’s functional status/ They look at people’s degree of independence and these impact the person’s ability to live independently.

A

BADL & IADL

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46
Q

This measures basic self-care activities such as eating, bathing, dressing, transferring, toileting, and walking or moving around

A

Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)

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47
Q

This measures complex everyday tasks.
This is more cognitively complex than BADL but they’re not necessary for fundamental functioning but they help a person to live independently.

A

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

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48
Q

This refers to any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.

It often arises from living with a chronic medical condition

A

Disability

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49
Q

What are the two physical problems or diseases that are most likely to contribute to some functional disability in late adulthood?

A

Arthritis and Hypertension

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50
Q

______ is the norm amongst older adults

A

Independence

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51
Q

The proportion of older adults with disabilities ____ with age

A

increases

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52
Q

They are seniors whose physical and/or mental impairments are so extensive that they cannot care for themselves.

A

Frail elderly

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53
Q

Aside from high blood pressure (hypertension) and arthritis, what are some common chronic conditions among seniors?

A

Back problems, eye problems, heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, and urinary incontinence.

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54
Q

A recent study found that modifiable _____ factors are responsible for dramatically shortened life expectancy.

A

lifestyle

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55
Q

What are five factors that account for 60% of all deaths and short life expectancy?

A
  1. smoking
  2. physical inactivity
  3. poor diet
  4. alcohol
  5. stress
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56
Q

Decline in physical and cognitive function can be prevented through _____

A

exercise

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57
Q

______ is a neurological disorder involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning. It is the leading cause of placement into long-term care of the elderly in Canada, especially women.

A

Dementia

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58
Q

________ is a mental health condition that is also sometimes a concern in the late adult years.

A

Depression

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59
Q

_______ is a progressive degenerative brain disease affecting memory, cognition (thinking) and behavior. This is a stage-like process

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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60
Q

Alzheimer’s disease timeline (5)

A
  1. Early brain changes
  2. Subtle decline in thinking
  3. Memory changes, confusion
  4. Inability to bathe, dress or eat without help
  5. Loss of ability to communicate and recognize
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61
Q

The hallmark changes to the brain caused by Alzheimer’s disease are the formation of ______ and _______

A

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

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62
Q

These form outside the neuron and they begin to accumulate in the brain.

A

Amyloid plaques

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63
Q

These occur inside the neuron

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

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64
Q

Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can only occur ______

A

after death

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65
Q

_______, surrounded by plaques, are more likely to occur than in other dementias

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

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66
Q

Why is it difficult to recognize Alzheimer’s?

A

because normal aging affects memory

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67
Q

What are early detection indices for Alzheimer’s?

A

self-perceived difficulties in performing IADLs, biomarkers, and eye exam

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68
Q

Medication to increase _____ seems to slow the Alzheimer’s disease progress.

A

neurotransmitters

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69
Q

_____ factors seem to be important to some, but not to all, cases of Alzheimer’s.

A

Genetic

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70
Q

Small strokes may cause ______ dementia

A

Vascular

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71
Q

While the brain damage is irreversible in vascular dementia, can therapy improve the patient’s functioning?

A

YES

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72
Q

What are some causes of dementia?

A

depression, drug intoxication, disease, head trauma

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73
Q

About ____% of dementia are reversible with treatment is treated early

A

10

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74
Q

The rates of all kinds of dementias rise rapidly after age ____

A

85

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75
Q

Roughly 1 in 11 Canadian adults over age ___ show significant symptoms of some kind of dementia.

A

65

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76
Q

By age 85, about ___ in 3 suffer from moderate to severe symptoms of dementia.

A

1

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77
Q

Of those with dementia almost _____ have Alzheimer’s disease.

A

two-thirds

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78
Q

This is one of several mood disorders in the DSM5
It involves sad mood, a loss of interest and pleasure as well as several possible symptoms such as hopelessness and worthlessness.

A

Major Depressive Disorder

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79
Q

Myth or Reality
Aging leads to depression- old age is depressing

A

Myth

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80
Q

Myth or Reality
Rates for major depression are lower in the elderly compared to younger adults.

A

Reality

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81
Q

Several Canadian studies have shown the rate of depression _____ with age.

A

declines

82
Q

Signs of depression in older adults may be dismissed as old-age “grumpiness” by family members (ageism) and left untreated by health professionals because

A

Based on stereotypes that society has on older adults and that it is “normal in older adults.

83
Q

This term is used when depression is mistaken for dementia because both share symptoms of confusion and memory loss.

A

Pseudodementia

84
Q

Why do older adults might not seek treatment for depression?

A

because they think that depression is a normal part of aging.

85
Q

_________ is chronic depressed mood that is related to life stressors.

A

Geriatric dysthymia

86
Q

______ is a persistent milder depression

A

Dysthymia

87
Q

Risk factors for Depression and Dysthymia (7)

A
  • inadequate social support
  • inadequate income; poverty
  • emotional loss
  • nagging health problems
    -health status (strongest predictor)
    -gender (two times as many women are depressed)
    -education (poorly educated older adults are more likely to be depressed)
88
Q

The more disabling conditions older adults have, the ____ (more/less) depressive symptoms they have.

A

more

89
Q

Treatments for prevention and intervention of depression

A
  • enhancement of lifestyle (exercise)
  • social supports, including religious activities
  • counselling; psychological therapies
  • medication
90
Q

______ rates for all ages have increased almost 75% since the 1950s

A

Suicide

91
Q

Elderly Canadians’ suicide rate is now slightly ____ (below/above) the national average.

A

below

92
Q

Elderly ____ are more than 5 times as likely to die by suicide than _____.

A

men, women

93
Q

Reasons why elderly men are 5 times more likely to die by suicide than women?

A
  • elderly men are more troubled by economic stress
  • elderly men are more likely to view themselves as burden on others
  • men do not adjust as well as women to the death of a spouse
  • men are more successful in suicide attempts
94
Q

why do physicians require more training in identification of who is at risk of depression?

A

Many people who died by suicide have visited their family physician in the months prior.

95
Q

Suicide rates in Canada are more than three times higher for males than females, but the difference for those aged 65+ increases to more than five times higher for _____ than _____.

A

males, females

96
Q

What are the four main changes that occur in the brain during late adulthood?

A
  • a reduction of brain weight
  • a loss of grey matter
  • a decline in the density of useful dendrites
  • slower synaptic speed
97
Q

Loss of dendrites is not only primary aging. What is the link between dendrites and education?

A

Less cerebral cortex atrophy occurs in those with more education

98
Q

Loss of dendrites results in slowing synaptic speed, and therefore slowing in _______

A

reaction time

99
Q

Can synaptic plasticity make up for the loss of dendrites?

A

NO

100
Q

________ “old eye” (farsightedness) increases in late adulthood. this is part of normal aging, not considered as eye disease.

A

Presbyopia

101
Q

This is caused by an enlarged “blind spot” on the retina that reduce field of vision. The pupil doe snot widen or narrow as much or as quickly, resulting in more difficulty seeing at night and responding to rapid changes in brightness.

A

Presbyopia

102
Q

clouding of the lens

A

Cataracts

103
Q

group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and often because of abnormally high pressure in the eye.

A

Glaucoma

104
Q

Medical condition which might result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.

A

Macular degeneration

105
Q

______ (hearing loss) is the inability to hear high-pitched tones

A

Presbycusis

106
Q

Adults aged 60 to 79 significantly ____ likely to have slight hearing loss (78%)

A

more

107
Q

_____ lose more hearing than _____ do, likely due to more occupational exposure.

A

Men, women

108
Q

The ability to hear ________ sounds (part of human speech) is diminished in late adulthood.
ex: women and children voices

A

high-frequency

109
Q

______ discrimination becomes problematic in late adulthood, especially under noisy conditions

A

Word

110
Q

_____ is a persistent ringing in the ears that increases in late adulthood

A

Tinnitus

111
Q

Severe hearing loss is associated with _____ and _____ problems

A

social, psychological

112
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Physical changes in the ear as well as structural and functional changes in the brain contribute to hearing problems

A

TRUE

113
Q

By age ____ half cannot smell.

A

80

114
Q

Loss of ability to smell is an early identifier of ______ disease and also correlates with memory impairment.

A

Alzheimer’s

115
Q

______ has been described as the “canary in the coalmine” with regards to overall physiological declines and death.

A

Anosmia

116
Q

Doty’s data show a very rapid ____ in late adulthood in the ability to identify smells.

A

drop

117
Q

The ability to taste the five basic flavors ______ (does/ does not) seem to decline over the years of adulthood

A

does not

118
Q

What changes in the taste system affect taste in late adulthood? (2)

A

Less saliva
Food seems blander, but this may be a result of a loss of the sense of smell.

119
Q

Research that has been done indicates that tactile thresholds _______ (increase/decrease) significantly with age, as do thresholds for pain and temperature.

A

increase

120
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Losing the ability to grasp, or to maintain your balance or to perform delicate handy work or the ability to speak can have big implications for quality of life.

A

TRUE

121
Q

As we grow older, we ____ down

A

slow

122
Q

________ is the biggest single behavioral aspect of aging.

A

General slowing

123
Q

Dendritic changes result in ______ slowing

A

synaptic

124
Q

General slowing of brain activity interferes with older adults’ ___ of retrieval of the knowledge needed to accomplish tasks.

A

speed

125
Q

More car accidents per km driven occur, due to: (4)

A
  • stiffness
  • decreased night vision and adjustment to glare
  • inability to judge speed of oncoming traffic
  • increased reaction time
126
Q

touch insensitivity and slower reaction time can lead to ____

A

burns

127
Q

More frequent awakening occurs after age ____

A

65

128
Q

In late adulthood, _____ sleep is decreased

A

REM

129
Q

Generally, circadian rhythms switch in late adulthood. More likely to wake up _____ in the morning and go to bed _____ at night.

A

early, early

130
Q

Age changes in motor functions. There is reduction in _____, _____, and _______

A

stamina, dexterity, balance

131
Q

Sexual activity declines from middle adulthood to late adulthood for many reasons: (4)

A
  • decreasing testosterone in men
  • state of overall health
  • medication side effects
  • stereotyping (old adults are asexual)
132
Q

Older adults fall more often, and because of _____, such falls more often results in fractures.

A

Osteoporosis

133
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Despite declining frequency, the majority of adults continue to be sexually active in old age.

A

TRUE

134
Q

Among the young-old (age 60-75), cognitive changes are still fairly ____

A

small

135
Q

The old-old and the oldest-old show _____ declines on virtually all measures of intellectual skill, with the largest declines evident on any measures that involve speed or unexercised abilities.

A

average

136
Q

For both older and younger adults:
_____ is easier than ______, tasks that require speed are more ______(easy/difficult), and metacognition skills are important to memory function.

A

recognition, recall, difficult

137
Q

The more any given task makes demands on working memory (short term memory), the _______ (smaller/larger) the decline with age.

A

larger

138
Q

Younger adults outperform older adults on _______ memory tasks (remembering something that has happened recently)

A

retrospective

139
Q

Older adults outperform younger adults on _______ memory tasks in a natural setting, such as their home (remembering an event in the future, like a doctor’s appointment. This is because they are good in note taking/ planner.

A

Prospective

140
Q

Older adults under-perform on such tasks when in a _________ where there are no external cues, such as a calendar or reminder note.

A

controlled laboratory setting

141
Q

The strategy learning process takes _____ for older adults.

A

longer

142
Q

When allowed more time in learning, older adults’ performance was _____ similar to that of younger participants.

A

more

143
Q

On virtually all “everyday” tasks older adults recall ___ well than younger adults.

A

less

144
Q

Older adults can be quite skilled at using _____ strategies like keeping a calendar, having reminder notes, etc.

A

compensatory

145
Q

Results from Kliegl’s study show that older adults can learn complex ________ skills and improve their performance after training but that they don’t gain as much as younger adults do.

A

information-processing

146
Q

Kliegl’s study also suggested that, given enough time, older adults can learn ________

A

new strategies

147
Q

The gradual deterioration of body systems that happens as an organism ages after reaching maturity.

A

Senescence

148
Q

_____ is primed to become the new de facto measure and predictor of aging and age-related outcomes.

A

epigenetic clock

149
Q

a measure of an individual’s ability to perform certain roles and tasks, particularly self-help tasks and other chores of daily living.

A

functional status

150
Q

The fastest growing segment of the population in Canada is

a. the old old (age 75-85)
b. middle-aged adults
c. the young old (60-75)
d. the oldest old (over age 85)

A

D

151
Q

Genetic influences on longevity

a. are minimal before the age 60 but increase thereafter
b. gradually decrease over the lifespan
c. gradually increase over the lifespan
d. are nonexistent

A

A

152
Q

________ is the redundancy in the nervous system that ensures that it is nearly always possible for a nerve impulse to move from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another type of cell (e.g., a muscle cell)

A

Synaptic plasticity

153
Q

As dendrites are lost in the brain as people age,

a. visual acuity and auditory sensitivity are lost
b. synaptic plasticity decreases and reaction time increases
c. the capacity of short-term memory is reduced
d. the ability to create new long-term memories is compromised

A

B

154
Q

Which activity would be least affected by the general slowing down that older adults experience?

a. being a generally optimistic person
b. driving a car
c. writing a grocery list
d. translating thoughts into action

A

A

155
Q

Which of the following is NOT a potential indicator for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease?

a. symptoms of sensory impairment and balance problems
b. an eye examination that reveals a thinning retina with fewer blood vessels
c. self-perceived difficulties in performing instrumental activities of daily living
d. Alzheimer’s-related biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid

A

A

156
Q

Which statement is TRUE regarding the risk factors for depression among older adults?

a. the strongest predictor of depression among older persons is marital status.
b. well-educated older adults are more likely to be depressed
c. older adults living in poverty are at a higher risk for depression than others.
d. among older adults, depressed men outnumber depressed women two to one.

A

C

157
Q

Suggestions for preventing depression in older adults include all of the following except

a. moving them into a group care setting
b. supporting their spiritual needs
c. treating any existing health problems
d. encouraging participation in activities that involve children

A

A

158
Q

The cognitive changes among the young old

a. are still fairly small, but the old old and oldest old show declines on virtually all measures of intellectual skills.
b. affect recall of long-term memories more than the processing of short-term memories.
c. primarily involve fluid intelligence, but among the old old and oldest old they involve crystallized intelligence.
d. involve substantial losses across all measures of intellectual skills.

A

A

159
Q

When college students and physically healthy adults between the ages of 65 and 80 were asked to associate a list of 30 words with pictures of 30 familiar buildings,
t
a. the performance of the older participants was similar to the college students when they were allowed more time for the task.
b. the older adults were unable to create these unusual associations because they had never encountered this task before.
c. the older participants needed a third image (such as people standing in front of the buildings) to make the task meaningful.
d. the older adults were able to perform this task more quickly than the college students.

A

A

160
Q

Gene Cohen’s four-stage theory of creativity proposed that, in their 60s, individuals enter a stage in which they

a. want to complete unfinished works or desires that had been put aside.
b. reflect on past accomplishments and formulate new goals.
c. desire to put their accomplishments together into a cohesive story.
d. become freer to create and are more willing to take risks.

A

D

161
Q

According to experts, which of the following is most responsible for age-based decline in older adults’ memory?

a. disease processes, such as atherosclerosis or multi-infarct dementia
b. insufficient practice of metamemory skills
c. depression or geriatric dysthymia
d. physiological changes in neurons and loss of nerve conductance speed

A

D

162
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the cognitive abilities of the majority of older people?

a. impairment that interferes with instrumental activities of daily living
b. significant impairment that prevents activities of daily living
c. minimal cognitive impairment
d. moderate impairment with increasing evidence of dementia

A

C

163
Q

Which of the following is not one of Paul Baltes’ criteria of wisdom?
a. factual knowledge
b. semantic knowledge
c. procedural knowledge
d. understanding relevance of context

A

B

164
Q

Age-related memory decline is associated with: (4)

A
  • changes in the ratio of grey to white matter in the brain
  • reduction in volume of the hippocampus
  • general slowing of information-processing, associated with a loss of nerve conductance speed in the central nervous system
  • changes in attention strategies (if you can’t inhibit the distraction, it can impact your ability to remember)
165
Q

_____ is a hypothesized cognitive characteristic of older adults that includes accumulated knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to practical problems of living.

A

Wisdom

166
Q

Wisdom is measured on their solutions to ____ life problems

A

practical

167
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Performance on wisdom tasks does not decline with age

A

TRUE

168
Q

What are the 5 knowledge in Baltes’ model of wisdom?

A
  • factual knowledge
  • procedural knowledge
  • knowledge in contexts of life and societal change
  • knowledge which considers uncertainties of life
  • knowledge which considers relativism of values and goals
169
Q

Is there an association between age and wise answers?

A

No, most research shows no association between age and wise answers.

170
Q

Age is likely ______ for wisdom but it is not ____ for wisdom
(necessary or sufficient)

A

necessary, sufficient

171
Q

What is the key predictor of having wisdom?

A

Having life experience with type of problem given

172
Q

Enhanced _____ may be an element of cognition in older adults

A

creativity

173
Q

What are Cohen’s four-stage theory of mid-to-late life that describes the potential for creative work

A
  1. Re-evaluation phase (around age 50)
  2. Liberation phase (in their 60s)
  3. Summing-up phase (in their 70s)
  4. Encore phase (in their 80s)
174
Q

______ refers to systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against older people. This still remains a contemporary issue.
This is manifested in beliefs, attitudes, expectations, attributions and behavior toward/with older people; and in policy

A

Ageism

175
Q

Research has shown that our beliefs about older adults are _________, there’s both negative and positive beliefs that coexist together.

A

multifaceted

176
Q

Two types of age stereotypes

A
  1. Positive
  2. Negative
177
Q

Wise, enhanced vocabulary, good story telling, honesty, benevolence are examples of _____ age stereotype

A

Positive

178
Q

Slow, senile, poor memory, verbose, cantankerous, physical decline, dependency, sick are examples of _____ age stereotype

A

Negative

179
Q

What are some problems with age stereotyping?

A

-These beliefs are overgeneralized
-They’re applied to everyone in the group
-They don’t see the variability in older people

180
Q

3 reasons why there is ageism

A
  1. Fear of death- older adults are closer to death than younger adults are and therefore, old age is associated with death
  2. Emphasis on youth- youth is emphasized as valued
  3. Age segregation- young people typically hang out with young people. This means younger people are not exposed to the variability that exist amongst older adults.
181
Q

______ show bias in aging. These group have beliefs about aging but they’re not self-relevant other than to know that they’re not old. However, they show age bias in their interactions with older people.

a. children
b. young adults
c. older adults

A

Children

182
Q

Even at a very young age, ________ impacts intergenerational interactions

A

stereotyping

183
Q

______ show bias in the interpretation of behavior in line with stereotypes. They believed that the testimony of older adult less than the testimony of the younger adult.

a. children
b. young adults
c. older adults

A

young adults

184
Q

Kwong see et al. found that an older witness was seen to be ____ (more/less) competent but _____ (more/less) honest than younger eye witness

A

less, more

185
Q

_____ internalize the age stereotypes and impacts:
-cognitive health/memory
-physical health
-longevity

a. children
b. young adults
c. older adults

A

older adults

186
Q

Older adults’ beliefs about aging matter because it impacts _______, ________, and _______

A

Physical health, cognitive health, and longevity

187
Q

Older adults who believe pain, fatigue, depressed mood, dependency upon others, and decreased libido are a normal part of aging are _____ (less/more) likely to seek healthcare and therefore at a risk for being ________

A

less, under-treated

188
Q

Older adults with ____(low/high) expectations about aging are less likely to engage in physical activity and other preventive behaviors like having regular physical examinations, eating a balanced diet, using a seatbelt, exercising, and limiting alcohol and tobacco use.

A

low

189
Q

Levy and colleagues found that more negative stereotypes were found to be associated with a ___(percentage) greater likelihood of hospitalization

A

50%

190
Q

Levy & colleagues in 2009 found that holding ____ stereotypes meant that you are more likely to experience a cardiovascular event in the next 38 years.

A

negative

191
Q

People with more ____ self perceptions of aging tend to practice more preventative health behaviors over the next 2 decades.

A

positive

192
Q

The ____ intervention study by Levy & colleagues in 2014 have some evidence that this have better result on health than an exercise intervention.
In this study, they sublimaly primed older people with positive age stereotypes over time.
They found that this intervention strengthened positive age self perceptions of aging, and this improved physical function.

A

Implicit

193
Q

Levy (1996) examined the impact of internalizing age stereotypes on the memory performance of _______

A

older adults

194
Q

Levy (1996) used ______ priming technique to show the influence of age stereotyping in the lab

A

subliminal

195
Q

What are the three tasks that Levy (1996) used for the 1st experiment (participants were older adults)?

A
  1. Battery of memory tasks- ones that normally produce age differences ex: photo recall, auditory recall of words…
  2. Subliminal priming task- participants were told that it was a measure of motor and attentional skills.
  3. Battery of memory tasks again
196
Q

In the _____ priming task, the participant’s task is to indicate whether the flash was above or below the bullseye.

A

subliminal

197
Q

The result of Levy’s first experiment was that _______ exposed to negative primes did worse on the second memory test than on the first memory test.

A

older adults

198
Q

People with more ____ self-perceptions of aging lived 7.5 years longer than those with less positive self-perceptions of aging.

A

positive

199
Q

TRUE or FALSE

People with positive attitudes toward retirement lived longer than those with negative attitudes toward retirement, median survival advantage of 4.9 years

A

TRUE

200
Q

This campaign aims to change the narrative around age and aging and help create a world for all ages

A

Ageism campaign

PSYCH 223 (15 decks)

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