chapter 9 part 2 Flashcards
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues
graft rejection
process in which a recipient’s immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipient’s organs that can be severe enough to cause death
hematoma
localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel
hemoglobinpathy
any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
lymphadenopathy
any disease of the lymph nodes
lymphedema
swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of plasma cells (cell that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow
sepsis
presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or symptoms are limited to the skin
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin
thrombocythemia
overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations
thrombocytopenia
abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (intravascular), spleen (extravascular), or liver (extravascular)
immunotherapy
any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the body’s natural immune mechanisms to treat disease
allergy
injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for severe allergies
biological
use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease, also called biologic therapy or biotherapy
bone marrow aspiration
removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspiration needle (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination
bone marrow transplant
infused of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia aplastic anemia, and certain cancers
autologous
infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy
homologous
infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and/or radiation; also called allogenic transplant
lymphadenectomy
removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue
sentinel node excision
removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells
transfusion
infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another person (recipient)
antinuclear antibody
test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual’s own body cells (auto-antibodies)
blood culture
test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
complete blood count
series of test that includes hemoglobin; hematocrit; red and white blood cell counts, platelet count; and differential (diff) count; also called hemogram
monospot
nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infection by epstein-barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
prothrombin time (PT)
test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot; also called pro time
shilling test
test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract
bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma
lymphangiography
visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockage or other pathologies of the lymph system
lymphoscintigraphy
introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel nodes
anticoagulants
prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors.
anticoagulants prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and postoperative clot formation and decrease the risk of stroke.
antifibrinolytics
neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots.
antifibrinolytics are used to treat serious bleeding following certain surgeries and dental procedures, especially in patients with such medical problems as hemophilia
antimicrobials
destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of their cell membrane or their reproductive cycle
HIV patients are commonly treated prophylactically with antimicrobials to prevent development of pneumocystis pneumonia
antivirus
prevent replication of viruses within host cellS.
antivirals are used in treatment of HIV infection and AIDS
fat-soluble vitamins
prevent and treat bleeding disorders resulting from a lack of prothrombin, which is commonly caused by vitamin k deficiency
thrombolytics
dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands
thrombolytics are used to break apart, or lyse, thrombi, especially those that obstruct coronary,pulmonary, and cerebral arteries
von willebrand disease
bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a “sticky” protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation
