ch 12 female part 2 Flashcards
Atresia
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
Dyspareunia
Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse
Endocervicitis
Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
Retroversion
Turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from its normal position
Uterine fibroids
Benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus;also called leiomyomas, myomas, or fibroids
Sterility
Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
Abortion
Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus
Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus wall before the third stage of labor;also called placental abruption
Breech presentation
Common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than head first
Down syndrome
Genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosomes 21 (trisomy), which causes delays in the way a child develops mentally and physically; also called trisomy 21
Eclampsia
Most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity, such as a Fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri
Placenta previa
Obstetric complications in which the placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Small T-shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy
Cerclage
Suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion
Cesarean section
Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section
Colpocleisis
Surgical closure of the vaginal canal
Conization
Excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue,such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination
Cordocentesis
Sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance
Cryosurgery
Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells;also called cryocautery
Dilation and curettage (D&C)
Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
Hysterectomy
Excision of the uterus
Subtotal
Hysterectomy where the cervix, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes remain
Total
Hysterectomy where the cervix is removed but the ovaries and Fallopian tubes remain;also called complete hysterectomy
Total plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Total (complete) hysterectomy, including removal of the uterus, cervix, Fallopian tubes, ovaries
Laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdomeinal wall, usually at the umbilicus
Transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
Surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast area, and then shaping the abdominal tissue (flap) into a natural-looking breast and suturing it into place
Tubal ligation
Procedure that ties (ligates) the Fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle ( position is verified by US on a monitor screen) and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
Colposcopy
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
Insufflation
Delivering of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
Tubal
Test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with carbon dioxide;also called Rubin test
Pelvimetry
Measurement of pelvic dimension to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow delivery
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
Endometrial biopsy
Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
Cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
Hysterosalpingography
Radiography and, usually, fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts)following injection of a contrast medium
Mammography
Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer
Transvaginal
US of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvic
Lumpectomy
Excision of a small primary breast tumor(or lump) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
Mammoplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the breast to change the size, shape, or position
Augmentation
Insertion of a breast prosthesis (filled with silicone gel or saline) beneath the skin or beneath the pectoralis major muscle
Reduction
Breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast
mastectomy
excision of the entire breast
total (simple)
excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
modified radical
excision of the entire breast, including the lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)
radical
excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
reconstructive breast surgery
creation of a breast-shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed due to cancer or other disease
tissue (skin) expansion
common breast reconstruction technique in which a ballon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant
antifungals
treat vaginal yeast infection by altering the yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process
antifungal used to treat vaginal yeast infections are applied topically as ointments, suppositories, or vaginal tablets
estrogens
treat symptoms of menopause (host flashes,vaginal dryness, fatigue) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
long-term use of estrogen has been linked with an increased risk of thrombophlebitis and breast and endometrial cancers
oral contraceptives
synthetic hormones used to prevent pregnancy and treat menstrual disorders
oral contraceptives, or birth control pills, contain a combination of estrogen and progestin and are highly effective in preventing pregnancy if taken as directed
oxytocics
induced labor at term by increasing the strength and frequency of uterine contractions
oxytocics are also used during the postpartum period to control bleeding after the expulsion of the palcenta
prostaglandins
terminate pregnancy
large doses of certain prostaglandins can cause the uterus to contract strongly enough to spontaneously abort a fetus
spermicides
chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
spermicide are available in foam, jelly, gel, and suppositories. they are used within the female vagina for contraception. spermicides have a higher failure rate than other methods of birth control
