ch 11 urinary part 2

Question 1

anuria

Answer 1

absence of urine production or output

Question 2

bladder neck (BNO)

Answer 2

blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the uretha

Question 3

cystocele

Answer 3

prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a women’s bladder and vagina

Question 4

dysuria

Answer 4

painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating

Question 5

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 5

any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival

Question 6

enuresis

Answer 6

involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence

Question 7

fistula

Answer 7

abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

Question 8

hydronephrosis

Answer 8

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

Question 9

interstitial cystitis (IC)

Answer 9

chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome

Question 10

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 10

loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

Question 11

neurogenic bladder

Answer 11

impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction

Question 12

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Answer 12

inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidney

Question 13

urgency

Answer 13

sensation of the need to void immediately

Question 14

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Answer 14

disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction the ureter

Question 15

wilms tumor

Answer 15

rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children

Question 16

dialysis

Answer 16

mechanical filtering process used to clease the blood of toxic substances, such as nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly

Question 17

hemodialysis

Answer 17

type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters the blood, and returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream

Question 18

peritoneal

Answer 18

type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution.

Question 19

kidney transplant

Answer 19

replacement of a disease kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney prior to death)

Question 20

nephropexy

Answer 20

fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

Question 21

nephrostomy

Answer 21

the passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so

Question 22

stent placement

Answer 22

insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction

Question 23

ureteral

Answer 23

insertion of a thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney

Question 24

urethrotomy

Answer 24

incision of a urethral stricture

Question 25

electromyography (EMG)

Answer 25

measure the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra

Question 26

cystoscopy (cysto)

Answer 26

examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growth, and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope

Question 27

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 27

determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of a protein metabolism

Question 28

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Answer 28

determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics

Question 29

urinalysis (UA)

Answer 29

urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic

Question 30

ultrasonography

Answer 30

high-frequency waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

Question 31

bladder

Answer 31

US produces images of the bladder to measure pre- and postvoid residual urine, thus determining bladder volume and potentially, identifying incomplete bladder emptying

Question 32

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Answer 32

imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography (EU)

Question 33

nuclear scan

Answer 33

technique in which a radiopharmaceutical called tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures

Question 34

renal

Answer 34

nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape, and position

Question 35

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

Answer 35

x ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

Question 36

antibiotics

Answer 36

treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes

Question 37

antispasmodics

Answer 37

decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
bladder spasm can result from such conditions as urinary tract infections and catheterization

Question 38

diuretics

Answer 38

promote and increase the excretion of urine diuretics are grouped by their action and are used to treat edema, hypertension, heart failure, and various renal hepatic diseases

Question 39

potassium supplements

Answer 39

replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics

dietary sources of potassium are usually not sufficient to replace potassium loss caused by diuretics