ch 11 urinary part 2 Flashcards
anuria
absence of urine production or output
bladder neck (BNO)
blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the uretha
cystocele
prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a women’s bladder and vagina
dysuria
painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
interstitial cystitis (IC)
chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome
nephrotic syndrome
loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
neurogenic bladder
impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidney
urgency
sensation of the need to void immediately
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction the ureter
wilms tumor
rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children
dialysis
mechanical filtering process used to clease the blood of toxic substances, such as nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly
hemodialysis
type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters the blood, and returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream
peritoneal
type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution.
kidney transplant
replacement of a disease kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney prior to death)
nephropexy
fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
nephrostomy
the passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
stent placement
insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction
ureteral
insertion of a thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
urethrotomy
incision of a urethral stricture
electromyography (EMG)
measure the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
cystoscopy (cysto)
examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growth, and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of a protein metabolism
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
urinalysis (UA)
urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic
ultrasonography
high-frequency waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
bladder
US produces images of the bladder to measure pre- and postvoid residual urine, thus determining bladder volume and potentially, identifying incomplete bladder emptying
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography (EU)
nuclear scan
technique in which a radiopharmaceutical called tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures
renal
nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape, and position
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
x ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
antibiotics
treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
antispasmodics
decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
bladder spasm can result from such conditions as urinary tract infections and catheterization
diuretics
promote and increase the excretion of urine diuretics are grouped by their action and are used to treat edema, hypertension, heart failure, and various renal hepatic diseases
potassium supplements
replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics
dietary sources of potassium are usually not sufficient to replace potassium loss caused by diuretics
