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medical term > ch8 cardiovascular part 2 > Flashcards

ch8 cardiovascular part 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

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2
Q

Angina

A

Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium also called angina pectoris

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3
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also dysrhythmia

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4
Q

Bradycardia

A

Arrhythmia in which the heart beat abnormally slowly, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

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5
Q

Fibrillation

A

Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncorrelated quivering of the myocardium myocardium that can affect the Atria of the ventricles

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6
Q

Heart block

A

Arrhythmia in which there is interference with the abnormal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the purkinje fibers

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7
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity

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8
Q

Tachycardia

A

Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries

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10
Q

Carotid artery disease

A

Narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis; may eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke

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11
Q

Bruit

A

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes and obstruction or both also called murmur

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12
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

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13
Q

Coarctation

A

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

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14
Q

Embolism

A

Condition in which a mass commonly a blood clot becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

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15
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides in the blood

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16
Q

Hypertension(HTN)

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm hg

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17
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

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18
Q

Infarction

A

Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply

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19
Q

Ischemia

A

Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction

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20
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

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21
Q

Palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

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22
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

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23
Q

Syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

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24
Q

Thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

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25
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the leg or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis

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26
Q

Defibrillation

A

Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life- threatening arrhythmias

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27
Q

Cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter , or ventricular tachycardia), and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm

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28
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

Injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

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29
Q

Thrombolysis

A

Destruction of a blood

clot using anticlotting called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator

30
Q

Angioplasty

A

Any Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow

31
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon Catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow

32
Q

Arterial

A

Removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteries, a type of vasculitis

33
Q

Catheter ablation

A

Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias; Usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance

34
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact(commissures)

35
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the block part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

36
Q

Embolectomy

A

Removal of an embolus

37
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

38
Q

Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) insertion

A

implantation of a battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricle tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death; also Called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

39
Q

Laser ablation

A

Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

40
Q

Open heart surgery

A

Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart- lung Machine

41
Q

Stent placement

A

Placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease- induced, localized flow constriction

42
Q

Valvotomy

A

Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis

43
Q

Cardiac catheterization(CC)

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

44
Q

Electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

Procedure used to determine the cause of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the heart conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia

45
Q

Electrocardiography (ECG,EKG)

A

Procedure that graphically Records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes apply to the chest, arms, and legs

46
Q

Holter moniter test

A

ECG taken with a small, portable recording system capable of storing to 48hours of ECG tracings; also called event monitor test

47
Q

Stress test

A

ECG taken under control exercise stress conditions, bicycle or treadmill

48
Q

Cardiac enzyme studies

A

Blood test that measures the presence in amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood, including troponin T, Tropin I, and creatine kinase

49
Q

Lipid panel

A

Series a blood test total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, And triglycerides)used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

50
Q

Angiography

A

Radiographic image (angiogram) oh the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium also called arteriography

51
Q

Aortography

A

Angiography of the aorta and its branches afternoon second injection of a contrast medium

52
Q

Coronary

A

Angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

53
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves in a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce highly detailed, Multiplanar, cross-sectional is a soft tissue

54
Q

Cardiac

A

Specialized MRI that provides information on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow in velocity

55
Q

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Type of MRI scan that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels

56
Q

Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as they contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate ( amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

57
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as slices of the heart tomography

58
Q

Nuclear perfusion study

A

Test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary arteries; also called thallium scan or cardiolite scan

59
Q

Ultrasonography (US)

A

High frequency sound waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a moniter of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

60
Q

Doppler

A

Ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart

61
Q

Echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output

62
Q

Venography

A

Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, indicating an obstruction

63
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin 1 ( an (a potent vasoconstrictor)ACE inhibitors treat hypertension

64
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
Treat atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias

65
Q

Beta-blockers

A

Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
Prescribed for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias

66
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
Treat angina pectoris, hypertension, arrhythmias, and heart failure

67
Q

Diuretics

A

Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

68
Q

Nitrates

A

Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

69
Q

Statins

A

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

70
Q

Vasodilators

A

Reduce blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle in blood vessels, particularly in the large arteries, arterioles, and large vein, which decreases vascular resistance
Treat hypertension, heart failure, and angina

71
Q

Biopsy

A

Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnosis purpose

medical term (15 decks)

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