ch 10 musalketal part 2 Flashcards
anklyosis
stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal fusion
bunion (hallux valgus)
deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe (angulation) which may cause the tissue surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender
carpal tunnel syndrome
painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)
claudication
lameness, limping
cotracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
exacerbation
increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms; also called flare
ganglion cyst
fluid-filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons of the wrists or joints, but may also appear in the feet
hemarthrosis
effusion of blood into a joint cavity
herniated disk
rupture of vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge and back towards the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs
hypotonia
loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow
phantom limb
perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
sequestrum
fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
spondylolisthesis
any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
spondylosis
degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
sprain
tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight , moderate, or complete
strain
muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
electromyography
use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscle and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons)
reduction
procedure that restores a bone to its normal position
closed
reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery
open
reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery
bone immobilization
procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
casting
bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of paris or similar material
splinting
bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
traction
bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture
amputation
partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or a circulatory disease
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
arthroclasia
surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structure using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope, called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on monitor
bone grafting
implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
bursectomy
excision of bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
laminectomy
excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra
prosthesis fitting
replacement of a missing part by artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity
revision surgery
surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prosthesis
bone
revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones, broken prostheses, and bone fractures occurring around the prostheses
sequestrectomy
excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
synovectomy
excision of a synovial membrane
total hip replacement
surgical procedure to replace to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
arthrography
series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
bone density test (bone densitometry)
noninvasive procedure that uses low energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bone of the spine, hip, and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
discography
radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
lumbosacral spinal radiography
radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
myelography
radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
bone
scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone
calcium supplements
treat and prevent hypocalcemia
over-the-counter calcium supplements are numerous and are contained in many antacids as a secondary therapeutic effect . they are used to prevent osteoporosis when normal diet is lacking adequate amounts of calcium
gold salts
treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system
gold salts contain actual gold in capsules or in solution for injection. this agent prevents furher disease progression but cannot reverse past damage
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
decrease pain and suppress inflammation NSAIDs are used to treat acute musculoskeletal conditions, such as sprains and strains, and inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, gout, and tendinitis
salicylates
relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
anti-inflammatory abilities and alleviate pain.aspirin is the oldest drug in this classification that is used to treat arthritis
muscle relaxants
relieve muscle spasm and stiffness
muscle relaxants are also prescribed for muscle spasm due to multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and stroke
Scintigraphy
Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes varies tissues and organs after administration radionuclide
