Chapter 9-Nutririon and Digestion Flashcards
What are two types of simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
What is a simple sugar?
Monosaccharide
What are two monosaccharides combined?
Disaccharide
What is formed from a long chain of simple carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides, formed from long chains of simple carbohydrates, are _________,which are found in such foods as bread, cereals, pasta, potatoes, and rice
Complex carbohydrates
Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide:
Starch
What is a kind of starch that is manufactured by the cells of animals and man?
Glycogen
What forms the walls of plant cells, and is made of very complex chains of glucose?
Cellulose
Cellulose is an important component of _________, substances which are not digested or made into a part of our bodies.
Dietary fiber
What slows digestion and aids the stomach and intestines in the absorption of nutrients?
Soluble fiber
What helps move the undigested waste materials along to keep the intestines clean and healthy?
Insoluble fiber
What are the main source of energy for doing things?
Carbohydrates
What percentage of our total calorie intake should our carbohydrates be?
45-65%
Cereals, bread, potatoes, pasta, and rice, are rich in:
Starchy carbohydrates
What is the process whereby a substance is combined with oxygen?
Oxidation
Fruits, honey, and cane and beet sugar are rich in:
Sugary carbohydrates
Fruits, vegetables, whole-grain breads and cereals, brown rice, dried beans and peas, nuts, milk, and seeds are the best sources of:
Carbohydrates
About half of the body’s dry weight is composed of ____________, complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of similar molecules called ___________, which are the building blocks of proteins.
Amino acids
What percentage of our Calorie intake should proteins be?
10-35%
What are the amino acids that our body does not produce, and must be obtained by the food we eat?
Essential amino acids
A protein that lacks any of the essential amino acids is often referred to as an:
Incomplete protein
Fats, oils, and fat-like substances are generally called _______, a varied group of compounds characterized by their insolubility in water.
Lipids
The most basic type of lipid molecule is the _________, a molecule of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon hydrogen atoms.
Fatty acid
In what kind of fatty acid is every possible bond to hydrogen occupied, and is said to be saturated because it cannot hold any more hydrogen atoms?
Saturated fatty acids
What kind of fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain that possesses the ability to form one or more additional hydrogen bonds?
Unsaturated fatty acids
What is the term that describes an unsaturated fatty acid that has one additional hydrogen bond?
Monounsaturated
What is the term that describes an unsaturated fatty acid that has more than one additional hydrogen bond?
Polyunsaturated
What are the fatty acids that our body is unable to make and must be obtained from our diet?
Essential fatty acids
In cells, fatty acids are combined into larger molecules called __________, that consist of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule called glycerol.
Fats
“True” fats are also called:
Triglycerides
Fats that are liquid at room temperature are called:
Oils
Products such as margarine and shortening, and most processed food are said to be made from:
Hydrogenated oils
What kind of lipid is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important chemical messengers called hormones?
Cholesterol
What do our bodies store fat in and are found beneath the skin, around body organs, and between muscles?
Adipose cells
How much of our total Calorie intake should consist of fats?
25%
What are important organic substances which are found in plants and animals and in foods made from them?
Vitamins
Most vitamins serve as _________, special molecules that assist a cell’s enzymes in performing their jobs.
Coenzymes
What are substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals that would otherwise damage important cell parts?
Antioxidants
Which group of vitamins can be easily eliminated from the body, and consist of vitamin C and the eight B complex vitamins?
Water-soluble vitamins
Which group of vitamins can accumulate in the body if ingested in excess, consist of vitamins A, D, E, and K?
Fat or lipid-soluble vitamins
A disease caused by a lack of some substance in the diet is called a:
Deficiency disease
Processed foods to which vitamins have been added during the manufacturing process are known as:
Enriched foods
What condition occurs when one obtains too much of some vitamins?
Hypervitaminosis
Iron and iodine are called __________ because, though they are vitally important, they are needed in extremely small quantities.
Trace elements
Nearly 60% of the total body water is __________ (inside the body’s cells) fluid.
Intracellular
What kind of fluid surrounds the cells, is found primarily in blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and the joints?
Extracellular
When the body tissues absorb extra fluids and cannot maintain the proper water balance, a condition known as _________ results.
Edema
The common unit for measuring the energy of foods is the:
Calorie
Many nutritionists now refer to Calories as:
Kilocalories
The sum of all body activities related to the use of food and oxygen is called:
Metabolism
Our metabolism rate is lowest when we are at rest; this rate is called our:
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Being overweight or _______ is commonly a reflection of bad eating habits and insufficient physical activity.
Obese
A healthy way to lose weight is to reduce Calorie intake to __________ Calories per day, eat a diet high in carbohydrates and low in fats, and exercise regularly.
1500-1800
The organs of the digestive system form a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. This tube is called the:
Alimentary canal
What is the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances which have smaller, less complex molecules?
Digestion
Digestion takes place in a series of small steps that are controlled by special proteins called:
Enzymes
What is any substance which brings about or speeds up a chemical change but is not used up in the process?
Catalyst
