Chapter 13-Natural History and Scientific Investigation Flashcards
Who was the man who said that man cannot trust his senses for an understanding of physical reality but taught that we learn by “remembering” knowledge gained through countless cycles of reincarnation
Plato
Who put together a system known as the doctrine of ideas?
Plato
What was the doctrine stated that we learn by “remembering” knowledge gained through countless cycles of reincarnation?
Doctrine of ideas
Who said that intellectual speculation is the highest form of reality and is elevated by biologists today for his achievements in defining interrelationships among living things?
Aristotle
Who developed the doctrine of intellect?
Aristotle
What doctrine states that intellectual speculation is the highest form of reality and a personal God is left out of the picture?
Doctrine of intellect
Who was the Roman General who wrote prolifically in his spare time and wrote the scientific work Natural History?
Pliny the Elder
What was the scientific work by Pliny the Elder that touchdown many scientific subjects including the nature of the heavens, technology, zoology, botany, mineralogy, and medicine?
Natural History
Who was the Greek physician who stressed direct observation as the key to science and his work became the absolute authority in human anatomy for over 1000 years?
Galen
What was the group who are driven from Byzantium because of doctrinal disagreements with the religious leaders there, and had some beliefs that were not in line with the Scriptures, but they did have enough interest in truth to preserve learning?
Nestorian Christians
What is the idea that living things can arise from nonliving things?
Spontaneous generation
Who was the most famous early Hebrew naturalist who was the king of Israel who ruled around 1000 B.C. And the Bible says that God made him wiser than “all the children of the east country and all the wisdom of Egypt”?
Solomon
The ideas of creation without a Creator where perhaps man’s first attempt at developing a philosophy of origins called:
Evolution
What was the one important benefit of Roman civilization?
The spread of knowledge
Who was the protestant pastor and schoolmaster who wrote “Living Picture of the Nerve” for the use of physicians and apothecaries, who used plants for medicinal purposes?
Otto Brunfels
Who was the man who taught at the Protestant University in Tübingen, who wrote “The Natural History of Plants” where he accurately illustrated and describe about 500 medicinal plants?
Leonhard Fuchs
Who was the Swiss naturalist whose primary contributions to science were a five-volume work called “History of Animals” and his botanical work called the “Opera Botanica,” and was probably the best-educated naturalist of his day?
Konrad Gesner
Who is the man who presented to the world his book on the structure of the human body and wrote “Fabrica,” and is called the “Father of Anatomy”?
Andreas Vesalius
What is the field of the study of the function of body structures?
Physiology
Who was the English physician and great physiologist who was known for his classic work on the circulation of blood through the body?
William Harvey
What is the idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspects?
Materialism
Who was a Puritan clergymen who led in the formation of Philosophical College, and was a leading member in the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge?
John Wilkins
What was the group led by many Puritans, and was created to repudiate the unbelieving ideas of materialistic philosophers who said that man could arrive at all knowledge through science?
Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge
What was founded in Paris in 1666, and was supported largely by Huguenots and Jansenists?
French Academy of Science
What was the group of Calvinist French Catholics who emphasized salvation through God’s love and grace?
Jansenists
Was the most outstanding Jansenist and a great mathematician and scientist?
Blaise Pascal
What is the term that means living Atoms?
Animacula
Who published his work “Micrgraphia,” in which he described the cells of cork, and was the first to devote an entire book exclusively to microscopic observations?
Robert Hooke
Who was the first person to devote his whole life to studies with the microscope?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What theory maintains that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come from pre existing cells?
Cell theory
What special process do scientists employ to solve scientific problems?
Scientific method
The scientific method is a form of ______________ (reasoning from the specific events in nature to their general causes) that involves the activities of theorizing, observing, and experimenting.
Inductive reasoning
What are tentative solutions to a scientific problem?
Hypotheses
What does the biologist use which are experiments in which all factors are identical except the one being tested?
Controlled experiments
What is the one factor being tested in an experiment?
Variable
In an experiment, what is the thing that was not treated?
Control group
When a hypothesis has passed the test of many well-designed experiments and has the support of other scientists, it is referred to as:
Theory
If a theory stands the test of time and is verified by experiment after experiment, it may be referred to as a:
Scientific law
Who was the Italian physician who was one of the first scientists to present evidence against spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
Who in the 19th century, was the French scientist who conducted experiments which marked the end of spontaneous generation as a scientific possibility, and his experiments showed that not even the simplest of organisms can develop from nonliving matter?
Louis Pasteur
What is the important scientific concept that states that living things can know come from other living things; it is impossible for nonliving substances to change into even simple living things?
Law f biogenesis
What is the idea that science can find answers for all the problems in life?
Scientism
