Chapter 7- Bones and Muscles Flashcards
The bones of an infant’s cranium are connected by tough membranes known as _________, made of fibrous connective tissue; these are responsible for the “soft spots” on the top and back of an infant’s head.
Fontanels
Between the vertebrae are disks of flexible cartilage called ________, which allow the spine to bend and twist somewhat.
Intervertebral disks
What is the tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones?
Cartilage
A severe lateral curvature of the spine is known as:
Scoliosis
The cranial bones are joined tightly together at uneven lines known as:
Sutures
Certain bones of the skull are designed with hollow spaces known as:
Sinuses
The smallest bones of the human body are:
The ear bones:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
The chief structural member of the body is the:
Vertebral column
The vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity are protected by the bones of the chest which make up the:
Thoracic cage
The most prominent bones in the thoracic cage are the:
Ribs
What skeletal system includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and the appendages?
Appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton includes the 126 bones that form what three things?
Pelvic girdle (hips) Pectoral girdle (shoulders) Appendages (arms and legs)
The largest bones of the pectoral girdle are the shoulder blades are the _________, contain the sockets of the arms.
Scapulae
Each scapula is braced by a collarbone, or __________, that attaches to the top of your sternum.
Clavicle
What is a strong cable of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone?
Tendon
What is the largest bone in the entire body?
Femur
Bones are classified into 4 categories based upon their shape and size; what are these categories?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Which category of bones serve to support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement; examples of it include the humerus, ulna, and femur?
Long bones
Which category of bones are nearly as wide as they are long, and examples include the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges?
Short bones
Which category of bones often have the job of protecting vital organs and examples of it are the ribs and the cranial bones?
Flat bones
Which category of bones cannot easily be classified into one of the three first categories (long, short, flat) and examples include the vertebrae?
Irregular bones
A bone’s shaft is sometimes referred to as the:
Diaphysis
The bulged end of of a bone is referred to as:
Epiphysis
The outer shell of the bone is composed of a strong, dense substance called a _________, which gives the bone great strength and rigidity?
Compact bone
What inside the epiphysis replaces the compact bone and is a lightweight, porous tissue?
Spongy bone
The spongy bone provides tiny open spaces for cells of ________, special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune system.
Red marrow
What cavity serves to house red marrow in the bones of infants and children?
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity
In adults, the red marrow in the medullary cavity is replaced by a fatty substance called ___________, which apparently serves to store fats.
Yellow marrow
Running between the crystals of hydroxyapatite are reinforcing fibers of _______, a tough, resilient protein that serves the same purpose as the steel rods in reinforced concrete, helping to prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other.
Collagen
What are the special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new?
Osteoclasts
What cells move into the Haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go?
Osteoblasts
Vitamin D deficiency in children causes _______, a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed.
Rickets
What law states that bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them?
Wolff’s law
When a baby is developing in the mother’s womb, special cells begin to construct the forms of the body’s bones out of cartilage or membrane material. When these cartilage forms were complete, osteoblasts begin to move through them, replacing the soft, rubbery cartilage with collagen-reinforced hydroxyapatite. What is this process called?
Ossification
A break or crack in a bone is called a:
Fracture
What kind of fracture occurs when a bone cracks or breaks but does not pierce through the skin?
Simple fracture
What kind of fracture occurs when a broken bone pierces through the skin?
Compound fracture
Unlike most body tissues, ______ heals with its own cells and not those of scar tissue.
Bone
What vitamins does one need for healthy bones?
A,C, and D
The places where bones join, or articulate, are called:
Joints
The articular cartilage is lubricated with a clear, water-based lubricant known as:
Synovial fluid
The bones are held together by strong bands of fibrous connective tissue called:
Ligaments
What is the division of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages?
Appendicular skeleton
What is the division of the skeleton that includes the bones of the skull and spine?
Axial skeleton
The bones of the pectoral girdle:
Scapulae
Clavicles
What is known as the brain case and protects the brain?
Cranium
What is the total awareness of the movements of the body?
Muscle sense
