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Biology > Chapter 7- Bones and Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Bones and Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

The bones of an infant’s cranium are connected by tough membranes known as _________, made of fibrous connective tissue; these are responsible for the “soft spots” on the top and back of an infant’s head.

A

Fontanels

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2
Q

Between the vertebrae are disks of flexible cartilage called ________, which allow the spine to bend and twist somewhat.

A

Intervertebral disks

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3
Q

What is the tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones?

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

A severe lateral curvature of the spine is known as:

A

Scoliosis

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5
Q

The cranial bones are joined tightly together at uneven lines known as:

A

Sutures

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6
Q

Certain bones of the skull are designed with hollow spaces known as:

A

Sinuses

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7
Q

The smallest bones of the human body are:

A

The ear bones:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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8
Q

The chief structural member of the body is the:

A

Vertebral column

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9
Q

The vital internal organs of the thoracic cavity are protected by the bones of the chest which make up the:

A

Thoracic cage

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10
Q

The most prominent bones in the thoracic cage are the:

A

Ribs

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11
Q

What skeletal system includes the 126 bones that form the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and the appendages?

A

Appendicular skeleton

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12
Q

The appendicular skeleton includes the 126 bones that form what three things?

A 
Pelvic girdle (hips)
Pectoral girdle (shoulders)
Appendages (arms and legs)
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13
Q

The largest bones of the pectoral girdle are the shoulder blades are the _________, contain the sockets of the arms.

A

Scapulae

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14
Q

Each scapula is braced by a collarbone, or __________, that attaches to the top of your sternum.

A

Clavicle

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15
Q

What is a strong cable of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone?

A

Tendon

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16
Q

What is the largest bone in the entire body?

A

Femur

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17
Q

Bones are classified into 4 categories based upon their shape and size; what are these categories?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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18
Q

Which category of bones serve to support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement; examples of it include the humerus, ulna, and femur?

A

Long bones

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19
Q

Which category of bones are nearly as wide as they are long, and examples include the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges?

A

Short bones

20
Q

Which category of bones often have the job of protecting vital organs and examples of it are the ribs and the cranial bones?

A

Flat bones

21
Q

Which category of bones cannot easily be classified into one of the three first categories (long, short, flat) and examples include the vertebrae?

A

Irregular bones

22
Q

A bone’s shaft is sometimes referred to as the:

A

Diaphysis

23
Q

The bulged end of of a bone is referred to as:

A

Epiphysis

24
Q

The outer shell of the bone is composed of a strong, dense substance called a _________, which gives the bone great strength and rigidity?

A

Compact bone

25
Q

What inside the epiphysis replaces the compact bone and is a lightweight, porous tissue?

A

Spongy bone

26
Q

The spongy bone provides tiny open spaces for cells of ________, special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune system.

A

Red marrow

27
Q

What cavity serves to house red marrow in the bones of infants and children?

A

Medullary cavity or marrow cavity

28
Q

In adults, the red marrow in the medullary cavity is replaced by a fatty substance called ___________, which apparently serves to store fats.

A

Yellow marrow

29
Q

Running between the crystals of hydroxyapatite are reinforcing fibers of _______, a tough, resilient protein that serves the same purpose as the steel rods in reinforced concrete, helping to prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other.

A

Collagen

30
Q

What are the special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new?

A

Osteoclasts

31
Q

What cells move into the Haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go?

A

Osteoblasts

32
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes _______, a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed.

A

Rickets

33
Q

What law states that bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them?

A

Wolff’s law

34
Q

When a baby is developing in the mother’s womb, special cells begin to construct the forms of the body’s bones out of cartilage or membrane material. When these cartilage forms were complete, osteoblasts begin to move through them, replacing the soft, rubbery cartilage with collagen-reinforced hydroxyapatite. What is this process called?

A

Ossification

35
Q

A break or crack in a bone is called a:

A

Fracture

36
Q

What kind of fracture occurs when a bone cracks or breaks but does not pierce through the skin?

A

Simple fracture

37
Q

What kind of fracture occurs when a broken bone pierces through the skin?

A

Compound fracture

38
Q

Unlike most body tissues, ______ heals with its own cells and not those of scar tissue.

A

Bone

39
Q

What vitamins does one need for healthy bones?

A

A,C, and D

40
Q

The places where bones join, or articulate, are called:

A

Joints

41
Q

The articular cartilage is lubricated with a clear, water-based lubricant known as:

A

Synovial fluid

42
Q

The bones are held together by strong bands of fibrous connective tissue called:

A

Ligaments

43
Q

What is the division of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages?

A

Appendicular skeleton

44
Q

What is the division of the skeleton that includes the bones of the skull and spine?

A

Axial skeleton

45
Q

The bones of the pectoral girdle:

A

Scapulae

Clavicles

46
Q

What is known as the brain case and protects the brain?

A

Cranium

47
Q

What is the total awareness of the movements of the body?

A

Muscle sense

Biology (22 decks)

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