Chapter 5- Variety in the World of Plants Flashcards
Who devised a simple practical method of classification for use by scientists?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who devoted much of his time to natural studies and became very well known for his work with plants?
John Ray
The process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities
Taxonomy
All living things are grouped into 7 main divisions from broad to specific. What is the order?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Definition of kind:
A group f similar organisms that are descended from a single group of originally created animals.
Linnaeus’s system for assigning a scientific name
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Eager to apply a new philosophy to the classification of organisms,scientists began to devise a host of______ evolutionary relationships.
Hypothetical
The evolutionary classification:
All organisms are placed into one of three large domains
Plants that do not produce flowers but do produce seeds and means “naked seed”
Gymnosperms
Very familiar conebearing gymnosperms
Conifers
Examples of unusual gymnosperms:
Cycads
Ginkgo-oriental gymnosperm
The life cycle of conifers that involves both asexual and sexual stages
Alternation of Generations
The sporophyte generation starts when_____ takes place.
Fertilization
Two types of cones that conifers produce which are usually produced on several shoots of the same tree:
Staminate cones- pollen-producing
Ovulate cones- seed-producing
Nonflowering vascular plants with spore-bearing leaves and horizontal underground stems
Ferns
Tiny,one-celled reproductive structures that are capable of growing into distinct or independent organisms under the proper conditions
Spores
Large leaves that grow upward by unrolling from “fiddleheads” and are the leaves of the fern
Fronds
Ferns produce small,brownish dots called:
Sori
Underneath the soil are the fern’s underground stems called:
Rhizomes
Creeping vascular plants with erect stems that bear spores in club-shaped,cone-like structures
Club mosses
A typical club moss with horizontal stems which trail along with the ground or grow just below the surface
Lycopodium
Vascular plants with unique hollow,jointed stems and very small leaves present only at the joints
Horsetails
Three peculiar conifers
Bunya-bunya
Kauri
Wollemi pine
Nonvascular plants that lack xylem and phloem
Mosses
Botanists call mosses and liverworts_____,which literally means “mosslike plants.”
Bryophytes
Instead of roots,a moss has tiny hairlike threads called______which grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals.
Rhizoids
What is a large,branching type of swamp-dwelling moss which is especially helpful in preventing soil erosion in the places where they grow?
Peat moss
Decaying peat moss is the main constitution of a substance known as_______which is a compressed accumulation of peat bogs.
Peat
Various partially decayed plant materials that collect in swamps and marshes:
Peat bogs
What are nonvascular plants that lack true leaves,roots,stems and grow along the surface of the soil,attached by rhizoids,like mosses?
Liverworts
What is the smallest of the green,chlorophyll-containing organisms,and lives nearly anywhere?
Algae
What are microorganisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms? Algae are also a part of this.
Plankton
_______is also extremely important because they are the major producers of food in aquatic environments.
Algae
Some single-celled green algae clump together in differently sized and shaped groups called_______
Colonies
What are organized groups in which individual cells are joined end to end,forming a long chain of cells?
Filaments
What is the unicellular green alga that is one of the most important green algae because it has been widely used in the study of photosynthesis?
Chlorella
Chlamydomonas is unusual in that it possesses two distinctly animal-like characteristics:
Flagella-whiplike structures that allow locomotion
Stigma,or eyespot
What are a large group of freshwater green algae?
Desmids
What live as single cells consisting of two identical semicells with a belt-like constriction about its middle?
Desmids
What is an example of unicellular algae which live in colonies of hundreds or thousands of individual cells?
Volvox
Slender filaments of an ulothrix grow attached to rocks and debris;the attachment is made by a special type of anchoring cell called a ______ which is found in certain types of algae.
Holdfast
What is the filamentous algae that contains one or more ribbonlike chloroplasts arranged in a spiral?
Spirogyra
The most numerous and most interesting of the yellow algae are the _______ which are possibly the most abundant life form on earth except for bacteria.
Diatoms
Unusual gymnosperms that resemble palm trees are the:
Cycads
An oriental gymnosperm with two-lobed,fan-shaped leaves is the:
Cycad
Diatoms have rigid cell walls composed of:
Silica
What is silica?
The hard substance in sand and glass.
The cell walls in the diatoms is made of two almost equal halves called:
Valves
Under certain conditions,the shells of diatoms may accumulate and become packed together to form layers of:
Diatomaceous earth
What is a large saltwater algae,and are mostly brown algae if of colder ocean waters?
Seaweeds
Seaweeds that are brown algae include:
Kelps
Rockweeds
Gulfweeds
What is the largest brown algae,and may be over 200 feet long?
Kelps
What is the gummy substance derived from kelp,and can hold several different liquids together in an emulsion?
Algin
What is a type of brown algae,and is attached to rocks along the seashore by a means of holdfasts,and,like kelps,is a source of algin?
Rockweeds
What kind of brown algae have a main stem with flattened,leaflike outgrowths and branches that contain air sacs and also give the Sargasso Sea it’s name?
Gulfweeds
What products are derived from red algae?
Carrageenan
Agar
Dulse
Nori
What gelatinous product used in many food products is derived from red algae?
Carrageenan
What gelling agent which laboratories use as a culture medium for growing bacteria and is also derived from red algae?
Agar
A common species of red algae that is edible:
Dulse
The Japanese are the cultivators of an edible red algae they call:
Nori
What kind of algae is classified as bacteria because of their cellular structure ?
Blue-green algae
Blue-green algae is referred to as_________because of their bluish appearance.
Cyanobacteria
A common specimen of blue-green algae is ________,a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria whose cells look like tiny beads or barrels.
Anabaena
What are microscopic,one-celled,aquatic organisms found in both fresh water and salt water?
Dinoflagellates
What is the only well-known dinoflagellate that occurs when the dinoflagellate “blooms”,or grows so rapidly that the water is tinged with a pinkish color?
“Red tide”
What is an example of red algae?
Irish moss
What are nonvascular plants without chlorophyll that are dependent upon other organisms for food?
Fungi
What term describes a plant that manufactures its own food?
Autotrophs
What term describes organisms that must obtain their food from sources outside themselves? This also refers to what fungi are.
Heterotrophs
Some of the more familiar fungi are:
Mushrooms Toadstools Molds Rusts Smuts Yeasts Mildews
Most fungi are__________that is, they obtain their nutrition from dead organisms.
Saprophytes
The threadlike structures which form the body of a fungus are called:
Hyphae
The mass of hyphae forming the main body of fungus is the:
Mycelium
Scientists who study fungi are called:
Mycologists
Some fungi can be classified by the:
Shape of their spore-producing structures.
Many fungi produce spores in microscopic club-shaped structures called:
Basidia
Many fungi produce spores in microscopic club-shaped structures called basidia;these fungi are known as:
Club fungi
Examples of club fungi include:
Mushrooms Toadstools Shelf fungi Rust Smuts
What is a stalk of tightly bound hyphae topped by an umbrella-shaped,spore-forming structure that grows quickly into the air?
Fruiting body
A fruiting body contains many______ that radiate from the stalk like spokes on a wheel.
Gills
What kind of fungi are found growing on trees or rotting logs,grow,slowly,do not have gills,and their mycelia spreads throughout the log,digesting the wood and causing decay?
Bracket,or shelf fungi
What is an organism that lives on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism?
Parasite
Most rusts are_______which means they must have two hosts in order to complete their life cycle.
Alternate parasites
What kind of fungi is widespread where both its hosts,wheat and barberry brush are common,and its hyphae so damage the wheat stocks that they fall and die before the grain is reproduced?
Wheat rust
What kind of fungi often attack the tassels and ears of corn plants ,where large,shiny blisters are then formed?
Corn smuts
What kind of fungi has saclike spore-producing structures?
Sac fungi
What is the well-known sac fungus with small,colorless,single-celled organism which feeds on food containing sugar,converting the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide in the process?
Yeast
What are the jellylike organisms often seen on the bark of fallen trees,and are often bright red,orange,or yellow?
Slime molds
Sometimes a fungus and an alga live together in a close relationship that combines the two organisms into a single unit called a:
Lichen
What are the three non-seed vascular plants?
Ferns
Club mosses
Horsetails
What are the three groups of gymnosperms?
Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers
What are the three main groups of fungi?
Club fungi
Molds
Sac fungi
