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Biology > Chapter 5- Variety in the World of Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Variety in the World of Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who devised a simple practical method of classification for use by scientists?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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2
Q

Who devoted much of his time to natural studies and became very well known for his work with plants?

A

John Ray

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3
Q

The process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities

A

Taxonomy

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4
Q

All living things are grouped into 7 main divisions from broad to specific. What is the order?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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5
Q

Definition of kind:

A

A group f similar organisms that are descended from a single group of originally created animals.

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6
Q

Linnaeus’s system for assigning a scientific name

A

Binomial System of Nomenclature

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7
Q

Eager to apply a new philosophy to the classification of organisms,scientists began to devise a host of______ evolutionary relationships.

A

Hypothetical

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8
Q

The evolutionary classification:

A

All organisms are placed into one of three large domains

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9
Q

Plants that do not produce flowers but do produce seeds and means “naked seed”

A

Gymnosperms

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10
Q

Very familiar conebearing gymnosperms

A

Conifers

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11
Q

Examples of unusual gymnosperms:

A

Cycads

Ginkgo-oriental gymnosperm

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12
Q

The life cycle of conifers that involves both asexual and sexual stages

A

Alternation of Generations

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13
Q

The sporophyte generation starts when_____ takes place.

A

Fertilization

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14
Q

Two types of cones that conifers produce which are usually produced on several shoots of the same tree:

A

Staminate cones- pollen-producing

Ovulate cones- seed-producing

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15
Q

Nonflowering vascular plants with spore-bearing leaves and horizontal underground stems

A

Ferns

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16
Q

Tiny,one-celled reproductive structures that are capable of growing into distinct or independent organisms under the proper conditions

A

Spores

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17
Q

Large leaves that grow upward by unrolling from “fiddleheads” and are the leaves of the fern

A

Fronds

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18
Q

Ferns produce small,brownish dots called:

A

Sori

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19
Q

Underneath the soil are the fern’s underground stems called:

A

Rhizomes

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20
Q

Creeping vascular plants with erect stems that bear spores in club-shaped,cone-like structures

A

Club mosses

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21
Q

A typical club moss with horizontal stems which trail along with the ground or grow just below the surface

A

Lycopodium

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22
Q

Vascular plants with unique hollow,jointed stems and very small leaves present only at the joints

A

Horsetails

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23
Q

Three peculiar conifers

A

Bunya-bunya
Kauri
Wollemi pine

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24
Q

Nonvascular plants that lack xylem and phloem

A

Mosses

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25
Q

Botanists call mosses and liverworts_____,which literally means “mosslike plants.”

A

Bryophytes

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26
Q

Instead of roots,a moss has tiny hairlike threads called______which grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals.

A

Rhizoids

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27
Q

What is a large,branching type of swamp-dwelling moss which is especially helpful in preventing soil erosion in the places where they grow?

A

Peat moss

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28
Q

Decaying peat moss is the main constitution of a substance known as_______which is a compressed accumulation of peat bogs.

A

Peat

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29
Q

Various partially decayed plant materials that collect in swamps and marshes:

A

Peat bogs

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30
Q

What are nonvascular plants that lack true leaves,roots,stems and grow along the surface of the soil,attached by rhizoids,like mosses?

A

Liverworts

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31
Q

What is the smallest of the green,chlorophyll-containing organisms,and lives nearly anywhere?

A

Algae

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32
Q

What are microorganisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms? Algae are also a part of this.

A

Plankton

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33
Q

_______is also extremely important because they are the major producers of food in aquatic environments.

A

Algae

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34
Q

Some single-celled green algae clump together in differently sized and shaped groups called_______

A

Colonies

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35
Q

What are organized groups in which individual cells are joined end to end,forming a long chain of cells?

A

Filaments

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36
Q

What is the unicellular green alga that is one of the most important green algae because it has been widely used in the study of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorella

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37
Q

Chlamydomonas is unusual in that it possesses two distinctly animal-like characteristics:

A

Flagella-whiplike structures that allow locomotion

Stigma,or eyespot

38
Q

What are a large group of freshwater green algae?

A

Desmids

39
Q

What live as single cells consisting of two identical semicells with a belt-like constriction about its middle?

A

Desmids

40
Q

What is an example of unicellular algae which live in colonies of hundreds or thousands of individual cells?

A

Volvox

41
Q

Slender filaments of an ulothrix grow attached to rocks and debris;the attachment is made by a special type of anchoring cell called a ______ which is found in certain types of algae.

A

Holdfast

42
Q

What is the filamentous algae that contains one or more ribbonlike chloroplasts arranged in a spiral?

A

Spirogyra

43
Q

The most numerous and most interesting of the yellow algae are the _______ which are possibly the most abundant life form on earth except for bacteria.

A

Diatoms

44
Q

Unusual gymnosperms that resemble palm trees are the:

A

Cycads

45
Q

An oriental gymnosperm with two-lobed,fan-shaped leaves is the:

A

Cycad

46
Q

Diatoms have rigid cell walls composed of:

A

Silica

47
Q

What is silica?

A

The hard substance in sand and glass.

48
Q

The cell walls in the diatoms is made of two almost equal halves called:

A

Valves

49
Q

Under certain conditions,the shells of diatoms may accumulate and become packed together to form layers of:

A

Diatomaceous earth

50
Q

What is a large saltwater algae,and are mostly brown algae if of colder ocean waters?

A

Seaweeds

51
Q

Seaweeds that are brown algae include:

A

Kelps
Rockweeds
Gulfweeds

52
Q

What is the largest brown algae,and may be over 200 feet long?

A

Kelps

53
Q

What is the gummy substance derived from kelp,and can hold several different liquids together in an emulsion?

A

Algin

54
Q

What is a type of brown algae,and is attached to rocks along the seashore by a means of holdfasts,and,like kelps,is a source of algin?

A

Rockweeds

55
Q

What kind of brown algae have a main stem with flattened,leaflike outgrowths and branches that contain air sacs and also give the Sargasso Sea it’s name?

A

Gulfweeds

56
Q

What products are derived from red algae?

A

Carrageenan
Agar
Dulse
Nori

57
Q

What gelatinous product used in many food products is derived from red algae?

A

Carrageenan

58
Q

What gelling agent which laboratories use as a culture medium for growing bacteria and is also derived from red algae?

A

Agar

59
Q

A common species of red algae that is edible:

A

Dulse

60
Q

The Japanese are the cultivators of an edible red algae they call:

A

Nori

61
Q

What kind of algae is classified as bacteria because of their cellular structure ?

A

Blue-green algae

62
Q

Blue-green algae is referred to as_________because of their bluish appearance.

A

Cyanobacteria

63
Q

A common specimen of blue-green algae is ________,a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria whose cells look like tiny beads or barrels.

A

Anabaena

64
Q

What are microscopic,one-celled,aquatic organisms found in both fresh water and salt water?

A

Dinoflagellates

65
Q

What is the only well-known dinoflagellate that occurs when the dinoflagellate “blooms”,or grows so rapidly that the water is tinged with a pinkish color?

A

“Red tide”

66
Q

What is an example of red algae?

A

Irish moss

67
Q

What are nonvascular plants without chlorophyll that are dependent upon other organisms for food?

A

Fungi

68
Q

What term describes a plant that manufactures its own food?

A

Autotrophs

69
Q

What term describes organisms that must obtain their food from sources outside themselves? This also refers to what fungi are.

A

Heterotrophs

70
Q

Some of the more familiar fungi are:

A 
Mushrooms
Toadstools
Molds
Rusts
Smuts 
Yeasts
Mildews
71
Q

Most fungi are__________that is, they obtain their nutrition from dead organisms.

A

Saprophytes

72
Q

The threadlike structures which form the body of a fungus are called:

A

Hyphae

73
Q

The mass of hyphae forming the main body of fungus is the:

A

Mycelium

74
Q

Scientists who study fungi are called:

A

Mycologists

75
Q

Some fungi can be classified by the:

A

Shape of their spore-producing structures.

76
Q

Many fungi produce spores in microscopic club-shaped structures called:

A

Basidia

77
Q

Many fungi produce spores in microscopic club-shaped structures called basidia;these fungi are known as:

A

Club fungi

78
Q

Examples of club fungi include:

A 
Mushrooms
Toadstools
Shelf fungi
Rust
Smuts
79
Q

What is a stalk of tightly bound hyphae topped by an umbrella-shaped,spore-forming structure that grows quickly into the air?

A

Fruiting body

80
Q

A fruiting body contains many______ that radiate from the stalk like spokes on a wheel.

A

Gills

81
Q

What kind of fungi are found growing on trees or rotting logs,grow,slowly,do not have gills,and their mycelia spreads throughout the log,digesting the wood and causing decay?

A

Bracket,or shelf fungi

82
Q

What is an organism that lives on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism?

A

Parasite

83
Q

Most rusts are_______which means they must have two hosts in order to complete their life cycle.

A

Alternate parasites

84
Q

What kind of fungi is widespread where both its hosts,wheat and barberry brush are common,and its hyphae so damage the wheat stocks that they fall and die before the grain is reproduced?

A

Wheat rust

85
Q

What kind of fungi often attack the tassels and ears of corn plants ,where large,shiny blisters are then formed?

A

Corn smuts

86
Q

What kind of fungi has saclike spore-producing structures?

A

Sac fungi

87
Q

What is the well-known sac fungus with small,colorless,single-celled organism which feeds on food containing sugar,converting the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide in the process?

A

Yeast

88
Q

What are the jellylike organisms often seen on the bark of fallen trees,and are often bright red,orange,or yellow?

A

Slime molds

89
Q

Sometimes a fungus and an alga live together in a close relationship that combines the two organisms into a single unit called a:

A

Lichen

90
Q

What are the three non-seed vascular plants?

A

Ferns
Club mosses
Horsetails

91
Q

What are the three groups of gymnosperms?

A

Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers

92
Q

What are the three main groups of fungi?

A

Club fungi
Molds
Sac fungi

Biology (22 decks)

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