Chapter 16-Mammals Flashcards
What term refers to an animal being capable of moving their bodies from place to place?
Motile
What term refers to an animal being attached to one location but are able to move the environment (air and water) toward themselves for the purpose of trapping food?
Sessile
Many living things possess the quality of:
Symmetry
What kind of symmetry can be cut in half in only one plane to make each half like the other?
Bilateral symmetry
What kind of symmetry an be cut in half in any way you wish, and you will always have the same shape on one side as on the other?
Radial symmetry
What kind of symmetry display great variation in form, changing shape almost constantly, and literally means without symmetry?
Asymmetrical
What division of animals are animals with a backbone?
Vertebrates
What division of animals are animals without a backbone?
Invertebrates
Vertebrates, which make up only about 3% of all animals, include the more familiar animals:
Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
All vertebrates have an internal framework, or skeleton, called an ______________ made of bone or cartilage or a combination of the two.
Endoskeleton
What term refers to animals with four appendages or limbs attached by special bones to the body at the hips and shoulders?
Tetrapods
Modern evolutionists usually place vertebrates within a slightly larger group known as the phylum ___________________, which is made on the basis of embryonic similarities.
Chordata
Animals of the class ______________, are the most familiar and most dominant group of vertebrates on the earth today, are warm-blooded, have hair, and are provided with special glands for producing milk, has lungs, a four-chambered heart, a pair of limbs, and seven neck vertebrae.
Mammals
What kind of glands, as well as all glands of a mammal’s body, are specialized epithelial cells.
Mammary glands
What term refers to an animal that regulates its temperature by internal mechanisms (altering blood flow, shivering, sweating, panting, etc.)?
Warm-blooded
What term refers to an animal that must regulate its temperature by external factors (such as lying in the sun when its body temperature is too low or cooling off in the shade when its temperature is too high)?
Cold-blooded
All mammals are considered to be:
Warm-blooded
Warm-blooded animals are said to be _______________, because the ability to regulate their temperature internally allows warm-blooded animals to maintain a stable body temperature regardless of their environment.
Homeothermic
Biologists characterize ______________ as living organisms that move from place to place in their environment, mainly for the purpose of obtaining food.
Animals
What is the special ability that mammals have where their body temperature falls within a degree or two of the freezing point, and their respiration and heartbeat slow as well?
Hibernation
Warm-blooded animals such as mammals need the efficiency provided by a ______________ heart.
Four-chambered
What are the flesh-eating animals that feed on herbivores?
Carnivores
What are the plant-eating animals?
Herbivores
What are the animals that are both plant-eaters and flesh-eaters?
Omnivores
As the fertilized egg moves through the oviduct toward the uterus, it divides many times, increasing the number of cells until it is a hollow sphere of cells, called a:
Blastula
In most orders of the placental mammals the region of implantation between the developing young and the tissues of the uterus will become the ____________, half of which will belong to the young and half will be the mother’s.
Placenta
The embryo takes form when the blastula forms three distinct layers of cells called the ______________. From these three layers of cells, all of the body parts will be formed.
Primary germ layers
What are the three primary germ layers?
Ectoderm (outer layer),
Mesoderm (middle later),
Endoderm (inner layer)
What is the outer layer of the primary germ layer where the cells in it will specialize into the nervous system, sensory organs, and skin?
Ectoderm
What is the middle layer of the primary germ layers where the cells in it will specialize into muscle, bone, blood, lymph vessels, reproductive organs, and kidneys?
Mesoderm
What is the inner layer of the primary germ layers where the cells in it specialize to become the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra?
Endoderm
During the embryos growth, it is surrounded by a fluid called the _______________. Thus fluid absorbs the shocks that are created when the mother runs or is bumped by an object?
Amniotic fluid
When the embryo is later in its development, when it is recognized as a young individual, it is called a:
Fetus
The entire period of growth from fertilization to birth is called the:
Gestation period
What is connects the fetus to the placenta that will be cut by the mother, freeing the newborn from the mother?
Umbilical cord
Mammals that bear their young Alvie and nourish them during development are called:
Viviparous
What kind of mammals do not bear their young alive?
Oviparous
What are the three major categories of mammals based on the way the developing young are nourished?
Placental mammals
Egg-laying mammals
Pouched mammals
What are the largest living land animals, and are the mammals with trunks?
Elephants
What are the enlarged incisor teeth of elephants, made of ivory?
Tusks
What are the dugongs and manatees often called because they graze like it, and can be seen in shallow waters of tropical rivers, lagoons, and sea coasts?
“Sea cows”
The echidna and duckbill platypus are the only ____________ in existence.
Oviparous (egg-laying)
What is the slowest land mammal, with a usual speed of 6 to 8 feet per minute?
Ai
What term refers to an animal that is active during the daytime?
Diurnal
What is the term that refers to animals that are active at night?
Nocturnal
What us pouched mammal referred to as:
Marsupials
What are the young marsupials raised in?
Marsupium
What is the largest living marsupial?
Kangaroo
What term refers to an animal that eats insects?
Insectivorous
What is one order of small mammals that gets its name from the insect-eating habits of its members?
Insectivorous
The smallest mammal is believed to be the:
Pygmy shrew
What are some examples of the pouched mammals?
Kangaroos, Opossums, Wombats, Koalas, Numbats
What are some examples of the insect-eating mammals?
Shrews,
Hedgehogs,
Moles
What is an example of the flying mammals, that spend longer periods of uninterrupted hibernation than any other mammal?
Bats
What are the two main categories of marine mammals?
Baleen whales,
Toothed whales
What kind of whales have two rows of comblike plates that hang like curtains from each side of the upper jaw?
Baleen whales
What is the world’s largest animal, that may attain a length of 110 feet and a weight of more than 150 tons?
Blue whale
What kind of whales include such marine animals as sperm whales, killer whales, dolphins, and porpoises, and can be up to 65 feet long?
Toothed whales
The sperm whale’s huge head contains a large amount of a waxy substance known as _________________, that was once used as a lamp oil, as a lubricant, and as a base for cosmetics.
Spermaceti
The sperm whale’s intestinal tract produces a grayish, waxy material known as _______________ that is often found floating in tropical seas and was once used to make perfumes.
Ambergris
The sound produced by dolphins is sent through the ______________, a fatty organ in the bulge of the head.
Melon
What are the two rows of comblike plates that hang like curtains from each side of the upper jaw in a certain kind of whale?
Baleen
What are some examples of tree-dwelling mammals?
Apes,
Monkeys,
Lemurs
What kind of tree-dwelling mammals are primates without tails?
Apes
What kind of tree-dwelling mammal is the most familiar primates with tails, vary widely in size and behavior, possess a prehensile tail, and their nostrils are widely spaced?
Monkeys
What kind of tail do monkeys possess that is designed for grasping objects?
Prehensile tail
What kind of tree-dwelling mammals are an unusual kind of primate which live in only one area–Madagascar and nearby islands?
Lemurs
What kind of mammals are the small, gnawing mammals which have two pairs of sharp, chisel-like incisor teeth?
Rodents
What are some examples of rodents?
Mice, Rats, Capybaras, Squirrels, Woodchucks, Gophers, Beavers, Porcupines
Rats are a grave concern to health officials, because rats carry diseases fatal to man such as:
Bubonic plague,
Food poisoning,
Typhus
What kind of gnawing mammal is the largest rodent?
Capybaras
What are the nocturnal animals of tropical jungles, that is about the size of a domestic cat, having a slender body, a long neck, and a doglike head, and is the longest-gliding mammal, that is able to glide several hundred yards at a time?
Flying lemurs
What kind of mammals have teeth similar to those of rodents, but have four incisors in the upper jaw instead of two, and are herbivores?
Lagomorphs
Three examples of lagomorphs are:
Hares,
Rabbits,
Pikas
What is the group of rabbit-sized, herbivorous mammals, look somewhat like short-eared rabbits, but their teeth are arranged differently than those of lagomorphs, and have hoofs on their toes and pads on the soles of their feet?
Hyrax
Some of the most valuable mammals to man are those whose toes end in _______________ (enlarged and thickened toenails).
Hoofs
Hoofed animals are called _______________, and scientists divide them into two groups, acceding to the number of ties that they have, and most of them have been designed as swift runners, because they need a means of escape from predators.
Ungulates
What is the group of ungulates that gave an even number functional toes?
Artiodactyla
What is the group of ungulates that has an odd number of functional toes?
Perissodactyla
What are three examples of odd-toed hoofed (Perissodactyla) mammals?
Rhinoceroses, Tapirs, Horses, Zebras, Donkeys
What kind of odd-toed hoofed mammal is a member of the equine family, and is a single-toed Perissodactyl?
Horses
Many artiodactyls have ____________, solid hornlike structures which are shed annually, and are bony elevations on the skull of the deer.
Antlers
Many artiodactyls have _____________, hollow structures which are usually permanent and thus not shed, and are composed of hollow sheaths of keratinize epidermal cells that surround a core of bone arising from the skull.
Horns
What term refers to the habit of hastily chewing and swallowing food which is later regurgitated and chewed more thoroughly?
“Chew the cud”
Animals which chew cud are _____________, which have a stomach that is divided into four sections.
Ruminants
What is the first and largest division of the four sections of a ruminants’ stomach, which holds the unchewed food until it can be masticated thoroughly?
Rumen
What is the skin covering rich in blood vessels that covers the antlers, and is called this because if its appearance?
Velvet
What is the largest of all the deer?
Alaskan bull moose
What are three examples of artiodactyls?
Bovids,
Camels,
Deer
The domestic breeds of cattle are all different breeds of _____________, a name for wild cattle.
Oxen
The process used by microorganisms to break down cellulose is called:
Fermentation
In horses (Perissodactyls) and rabbits (lagomorphs), a special side pocket, called a ________________, lies near the stomach to provide for a fermentation chamber.
Cecum
The ruminants possess a special _______________ in which fermentation take place.
Four-chambered stomach
When the food is in the rumen, it is acted upon by a rich supply of bacteria and firmed into small balls called:
Cud
In general, _____________ lead a more active life than herbivores.
Carnivores
What are some examples of flesh-eating animals (carnivores)?
Bears, Dogs, Wolves, Weasels, Wolverines, Cats, Seals, Walruses
What animal is considered the largest land-dwelling carnivore?
Alaskan brown bear
What is the name for the dog family?
Canine
What are the aquatic carnivores?
Seals
A type of animal or plant that is no longer found alive on earth is said to be:
Extinct
Types of animals and plants that still exist today but are in danger of extinction are said to be:
Endangered
An example of a controversial “endangered species” protected by the law is the ______________, a type of small owl that is fairly abundant in the western United States.
Spotted owl
