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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 9 - Motivation & Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is emotion?

A

Automatic neurological, physiological and behavioural response pattern to the stimulus

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2
Q

What is the conscious awareness of an emotional state?

A

Feelings

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3
Q

What are interpretations of the meanings of events?

A

Cognitions

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4
Q

What are the six basic emotions?

A

1) Fear
2) disgust
3) joy
4) anger
5) surprise
6) sadness/distress

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5
Q

Which Psychologist said that universal facial expressions of emotions would have survival value?

A

Charles Darwin

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6
Q

Which psychologist found the anger, disgust, fear, enjoyment, sadness, and surprise or recognized across cultures?

A

Paul Ekman

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7
Q

What are culturally learned and enforced influences on the appropriateness and intensity of public and private emotional displays?

A

Display rules

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8
Q

Our facial expressions Universal or display rules?

A

Universal

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9
Q

What is experiencing emotions that match another person’s emotions?

A

Empathy

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10
Q

What are neurons that copy the activity of witness behaviours an emotional states?

A

Mirror neurons

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11
Q

What is a field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction?

A

Positive psychology

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12
Q

What is influenced by relative stability in the pleasure and wanting systems of the brain?

A

Happiness

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13
Q

What is the desire to strive for success and accomplishment?

A

Achievement motivation

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14
Q

Which psychologist use the somatic apperception test developed by Henry Murray to assess a degree of low achievement motivation?

A

David McLelland

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15
Q

What did David McClellan find when he did the TAT test?

A

People with high achievement motivation seem to prefer challenges and are willing to take moderate risk to achieve goals

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16
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Argues that facial expressions can also affect our emotional state

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17
Q

What is the link between facial feedback and emotion?

A

The contraction of facial muscles cause arousal and arousal boosts emotional response

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18
Q

What is the Theory on emotion proposed by William James and Carl G. Lange?

A

External stimuli instinctively trigger specific patterns of arousal and behavioural responses (emotions are byproducts of the behavioural responses)

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19
Q

Why has the James-Lange theory been criticized?

A

Physiological responses for emotions are not that distinct from one another (e.g. fear and anger similar)

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20
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

Events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional response are then triggered

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21
Q

What is the theory of cognitive appraisal?

A

Emotions reflect arousal and appraisal of the situation and our experience because of our physiological reactions and cognitive processes. The way we label our emotions depends on our appraisal of the situation

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22
Q

Who proposed the theory of cognitive appraisal?

A

Schachter & Singer

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23
Q

What is a type of technology that monitors indicators of sympathetic arousal during an interrogation?

A

Polygraph

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24
Q

Why is the polygraph considered unreliable?

A

Maybe detecting general tension, not lying

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25
Q

What is the sex drive triggered by?

A
  • Sexual thoughts and feelings
  • Cultural beliefs
  • Religious and moral beliefs
  • Cultural tradition, folklore, and superstition
  • Sex hormones
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26
Q

What was the final evaluation of the “why” behind emotion?

A

Cognitive, physiological, and behavioural component of an experience contribute to our emotional response. None of the theories of emotional apply to all people in all situations

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27
Q

What is the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior?

A

Activating effect

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28
Q

When are many female animals sexually receptive to males?

A

During estrus

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29
Q

What is the sexual response cycle proposed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson?

A

1) Excitement
2) plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution

For men, the cycle is usually followed by refractory period in which they cannot experience another orgasm or ejaculate

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30
Q

What is the first phase of the sexual response cycle? (characterized by muscle tension increases in heart rate and direction in the male and vaginal lubrication a female)

A

Excitement phase

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31
Q

What causes the swelling of genital and nipple tissue?

A

Vasocongestion

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32
Q

What is the second phase of the sexual response cycle? (characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure in preparation for orgasm)

A

Plateau phase

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33
Q

What phase of the sexual response cycle do you reach the climax of sexual excitement and experience myotonia, a muscle tension?

A

Orgasmic phase

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34
Q

What is the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to his pre-arousal state?

A

Resolutions phase

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35
Q

What were the findings in the Kinsey reports, surveys done on sexual behavior?

A

Most males masturbated and had sex prior to marriage as did a significant number of females

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36
Q

Why are the Kinsey reports (surveys on sexual behaviour) considered flawed?

A

Sample was not representative of the American population

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37
Q

What refers to the directionality of one’s sexual and romantic interest?

A

Sexual orientation

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38
Q

What is the term for being sexually attracted to and romantically interested in people of the opposite sex?

A

Heterosexual

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39
Q

What is the term for being sexually attracted to and romantically interested in people of one’s own sex?

A

Homosexual

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40
Q

What is the term for being attracted to both males and females?

A

Bisexual

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41
Q

What is theories of the origin of sexual orientation point to?

A

Both nature and nurture

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42
Q

What hormone may regulate sexual motivation?

A

Testosterone

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43
Q

What is the initiation of motivated behavior?

A

Activation

44
Q

What is the faithful and continued effort in motivation?

A

Persistence

45
Q

What is the focus and energy and attention concerning motivation?

A

Intensity

46
Q

What is motivation without external rewards, purely for the joy of doing things?

A

Intrinsic motivation

47
Q

What is motivation that comes when you’re motivated by the consequence?

A

Extrinsic motivation

48
Q

What does the psychology of motivation focus on?

A

The “whys” of behaviour

49
Q

What are hypothetical internal states the propel an organism toward goals?

A

Motives

50
Q

What do motives take the form of?

A

Needs, drives, incentives

51
Q

What is known as a state of deprivation?

A

A need

52
Q

What are physiological needs?

A

Needs that must be met in order for us to survive such as food, water, sleep, oxygen

53
Q

What are psychological needs?

A

Needs associated with psychological well-being such as achievement, power, self-esteem, belonging

54
Q

What is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need?

A

Incentive

55
Q

What is an inherited disposition to activate specific behaviour patterns designed to reach certain goals?

A

Instinct

56
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

A

Inborn dispositions activate certain goal-achieved behaviour patterns and are species-specific

57
Q

What does the evolutionary theory of motivation suggest about human instincts?

A

Foster survival and social behaviour

58
Q

What are the types of motivation in the evolutionary perspective?

A

1) Self-protection: acts that keep one safe
2) Mating: behaviours that make one attractive to potential mates
3) relationship maintenance and parental care: displaying affection toward partner and caring for offspring
4) group membership: helping those in your group
5) memetic motivation: enhancing large social structures like religion

59
Q

What are drive such as thirst, hunger, pain the trigger tension?

A

Primary drives

60
Q

What is the theory that proposes that organisms learn to engage in behaviours that have the effect of reducing drives?

A

Drive-reduction theory

61
Q

What stems from unlearned motives to satisfy biological needs?

A

Primary drive

62
Q

What are external cues?

A

Site or smell of food we like

63
Q

What is a condition of arousal the propels organisms to satisfy need?

A

Drive

64
Q

What are arousal states generated by physical need?

A

Physiological drives

65
Q

What are arousal states generated by psychological needs?

A

Psychological drives

66
Q

What is a person’s state of alertness, mental and physical activation?

A

Arousal

67
Q

What is the arousal theory Of motivation?

A

People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal

68
Q

What is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state?

A

Homeostasis

69
Q

What are gained through experiences, such as the drive for money or social approval?

A

Acquired drives

70
Q

What are motives sought by organisms to increase stimulation?

A

Stimulus motives

71
Q

Who suggested that arousal and performance are linked?

A

Yerkes & Dodson

72
Q

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law suggest about arousal level being appropriate to the difficulty of the task?

A

Performance on a task is best

73
Q

Which tasks are performed best with high arousal level?

A

Simple

74
Q

Which tasks are performed best with a low arousal level?

A

Difficult

75
Q

What psychologist said that humans are motivated by conscious desire for personal growth?

A

Abraham Maslow

76
Q

What does the humanistic theory suggest about about motivation?

A

Humans have a capacity for self actualization

77
Q

What is a state of being that includes perceptive clarity, simplicity, peacefulness, sense of mission, sensitivity, being comfortable alone, healthy sense of humor, profound emotional experience?

A

Self-actualization

78
Q

What did Maslow propose in his humanistic theory of motivation?

A

Lower level needs must be met in order to have the drive to meet higher level needs (hierarchy of needs)

79
Q

What are the levels of hierarchy of needs?

A

1) Physiological needs
2) safety needs
3) love and belongingness
4) esteem needs
5) self actualization

80
Q

In evaluating theories of motivation what have researchers found?

A

Same behaviour can be explained using different theories

81
Q

What is satiety?

A

State of being satisfied

82
Q

What is satiety signaled by?

A

Chewing and swallowing, stomach fullness, blood sugar levels, leptin levels

83
Q

What is hunger signaled by?

A

Hunger pangs, blood sugar levels, increased levels of the hormone ghrelin

84
Q

What is the central area on the underside of the hypothalamus called?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

85
Q

What functions as a stop eating center?

A

Ventromedial nucleus

86
Q

What is an area at the side of the hypothalamus?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

87
Q

What area of the hypothalamus functions as a start eating center?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

88
Q

What is the hormone that reduces appetite?

A

Leptin

89
Q

What is the pace at which the body burns calories to produce energy?

A

Metabolic rate

90
Q

What is the number of adipose cells?

A

Fat cells

91
Q

What is the weight of the body maintains when not trying to gain or lose weight?

A

Set point

92
Q

What are biological factors involved in obesity?

A

Heredity and metabolism

93
Q

What are psychological factors involved in obesity?

A

Observational learning, stress, media, negative emotions

94
Q

What are characterized by persistent, gross disturbances in eating patterns?

A

Eating disorders

95
Q

What is the term for binge eating and purging?

A

Bulimia

96
Q

Which eating disorder may cause an electrolyte imbalance?

A

Bulimia

97
Q

What are the biological factors concerning the origin of eating disorders?

A

Genetics, neurological differences

98
Q

What are psychological factors that may cause an eating disorder?

A

Child abuse

99
Q

What are Socio cultural factors affecting eating disorders?

A

Idealization of thin females

100
Q

Which eating disorder is characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging?

A

Bulimia nervosa

101
Q

Which eating disorder consists of self starvation?

A

Anorexia nervosa

102
Q

Which eating disorder may cause heart problems?

A

Anorexia nervosa

103
Q

Which is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of being too heavy, a distorted body image, and dramatic weight loss?

A

Anorexia nervosa

104
Q

When do most women experience eating disorders?

A

During adolescence and young adult hood

105
Q

What are problems that women with anorexia nervosa face?

A

Prevents ovulation, leads to general health deterioration and high risk of premature osteoporosis

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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