Chapter 9 - Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
What is emotion?
Automatic neurological, physiological and behavioural response pattern to the stimulus
What is the conscious awareness of an emotional state?
Feelings
What are interpretations of the meanings of events?
Cognitions
What are the six basic emotions?
1) Fear
2) disgust
3) joy
4) anger
5) surprise
6) sadness/distress
Which Psychologist said that universal facial expressions of emotions would have survival value?
Charles Darwin
Which psychologist found the anger, disgust, fear, enjoyment, sadness, and surprise or recognized across cultures?
Paul Ekman
What are culturally learned and enforced influences on the appropriateness and intensity of public and private emotional displays?
Display rules
Our facial expressions Universal or display rules?
Universal
What is experiencing emotions that match another person’s emotions?
Empathy
What are neurons that copy the activity of witness behaviours an emotional states?
Mirror neurons
What is a field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction?
Positive psychology
What is influenced by relative stability in the pleasure and wanting systems of the brain?
Happiness
What is the desire to strive for success and accomplishment?
Achievement motivation
Which psychologist use the somatic apperception test developed by Henry Murray to assess a degree of low achievement motivation?
David McLelland
What did David McClellan find when he did the TAT test?
People with high achievement motivation seem to prefer challenges and are willing to take moderate risk to achieve goals
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Argues that facial expressions can also affect our emotional state
What is the link between facial feedback and emotion?
The contraction of facial muscles cause arousal and arousal boosts emotional response
What is the Theory on emotion proposed by William James and Carl G. Lange?
External stimuli instinctively trigger specific patterns of arousal and behavioural responses (emotions are byproducts of the behavioural responses)
Why has the James-Lange theory been criticized?
Physiological responses for emotions are not that distinct from one another (e.g. fear and anger similar)
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
Events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional response are then triggered
What is the theory of cognitive appraisal?
Emotions reflect arousal and appraisal of the situation and our experience because of our physiological reactions and cognitive processes. The way we label our emotions depends on our appraisal of the situation
Who proposed the theory of cognitive appraisal?
Schachter & Singer
What is a type of technology that monitors indicators of sympathetic arousal during an interrogation?
Polygraph
Why is the polygraph considered unreliable?
Maybe detecting general tension, not lying
What is the sex drive triggered by?
- Sexual thoughts and feelings
- Cultural beliefs
- Religious and moral beliefs
- Cultural tradition, folklore, and superstition
- Sex hormones
What was the final evaluation of the “why” behind emotion?
Cognitive, physiological, and behavioural component of an experience contribute to our emotional response. None of the theories of emotional apply to all people in all situations
What is the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior?
Activating effect
When are many female animals sexually receptive to males?
During estrus
What is the sexual response cycle proposed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson?
1) Excitement
2) plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution
For men, the cycle is usually followed by refractory period in which they cannot experience another orgasm or ejaculate
What is the first phase of the sexual response cycle? (characterized by muscle tension increases in heart rate and direction in the male and vaginal lubrication a female)
Excitement phase
What causes the swelling of genital and nipple tissue?
Vasocongestion
What is the second phase of the sexual response cycle? (characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, blood pressure in preparation for orgasm)
Plateau phase
What phase of the sexual response cycle do you reach the climax of sexual excitement and experience myotonia, a muscle tension?
Orgasmic phase
What is the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to his pre-arousal state?
Resolutions phase
What were the findings in the Kinsey reports, surveys done on sexual behavior?
Most males masturbated and had sex prior to marriage as did a significant number of females
Why are the Kinsey reports (surveys on sexual behaviour) considered flawed?
Sample was not representative of the American population
What refers to the directionality of one’s sexual and romantic interest?
Sexual orientation
What is the term for being sexually attracted to and romantically interested in people of the opposite sex?
Heterosexual
What is the term for being sexually attracted to and romantically interested in people of one’s own sex?
Homosexual
What is the term for being attracted to both males and females?
Bisexual
What is theories of the origin of sexual orientation point to?
Both nature and nurture
What hormone may regulate sexual motivation?
Testosterone
What is the initiation of motivated behavior?
Activation
What is the faithful and continued effort in motivation?
Persistence
What is the focus and energy and attention concerning motivation?
Intensity
What is motivation without external rewards, purely for the joy of doing things?
Intrinsic motivation
What is motivation that comes when you’re motivated by the consequence?
Extrinsic motivation
What does the psychology of motivation focus on?
The “whys” of behaviour
What are hypothetical internal states the propel an organism toward goals?
Motives
What do motives take the form of?
Needs, drives, incentives
What is known as a state of deprivation?
A need
What are physiological needs?
Needs that must be met in order for us to survive such as food, water, sleep, oxygen
What are psychological needs?
Needs associated with psychological well-being such as achievement, power, self-esteem, belonging
What is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need?
Incentive
What is an inherited disposition to activate specific behaviour patterns designed to reach certain goals?
Instinct
What is the evolutionary perspective of motivation?
Inborn dispositions activate certain goal-achieved behaviour patterns and are species-specific
What does the evolutionary theory of motivation suggest about human instincts?
Foster survival and social behaviour
What are the types of motivation in the evolutionary perspective?
1) Self-protection: acts that keep one safe
2) Mating: behaviours that make one attractive to potential mates
3) relationship maintenance and parental care: displaying affection toward partner and caring for offspring
4) group membership: helping those in your group
5) memetic motivation: enhancing large social structures like religion
What are drive such as thirst, hunger, pain the trigger tension?
Primary drives
What is the theory that proposes that organisms learn to engage in behaviours that have the effect of reducing drives?
Drive-reduction theory
What stems from unlearned motives to satisfy biological needs?
Primary drive
What are external cues?
Site or smell of food we like
What is a condition of arousal the propels organisms to satisfy need?
Drive
What are arousal states generated by physical need?
Physiological drives
What are arousal states generated by psychological needs?
Psychological drives
What is a person’s state of alertness, mental and physical activation?
Arousal
What is the arousal theory Of motivation?
People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
What is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state?
Homeostasis
What are gained through experiences, such as the drive for money or social approval?
Acquired drives
What are motives sought by organisms to increase stimulation?
Stimulus motives
Who suggested that arousal and performance are linked?
Yerkes & Dodson
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law suggest about arousal level being appropriate to the difficulty of the task?
Performance on a task is best
Which tasks are performed best with high arousal level?
Simple
Which tasks are performed best with a low arousal level?
Difficult
What psychologist said that humans are motivated by conscious desire for personal growth?
Abraham Maslow
What does the humanistic theory suggest about about motivation?
Humans have a capacity for self actualization
What is a state of being that includes perceptive clarity, simplicity, peacefulness, sense of mission, sensitivity, being comfortable alone, healthy sense of humor, profound emotional experience?
Self-actualization
What did Maslow propose in his humanistic theory of motivation?
Lower level needs must be met in order to have the drive to meet higher level needs (hierarchy of needs)
What are the levels of hierarchy of needs?
1) Physiological needs
2) safety needs
3) love and belongingness
4) esteem needs
5) self actualization
In evaluating theories of motivation what have researchers found?
Same behaviour can be explained using different theories
What is satiety?
State of being satisfied
What is satiety signaled by?
Chewing and swallowing, stomach fullness, blood sugar levels, leptin levels
What is hunger signaled by?
Hunger pangs, blood sugar levels, increased levels of the hormone ghrelin
What is the central area on the underside of the hypothalamus called?
Ventromedial nucleus
What functions as a stop eating center?
Ventromedial nucleus
What is an area at the side of the hypothalamus?
Lateral hypothalamus
What area of the hypothalamus functions as a start eating center?
Lateral hypothalamus
What is the hormone that reduces appetite?
Leptin
What is the pace at which the body burns calories to produce energy?
Metabolic rate
What is the number of adipose cells?
Fat cells
What is the weight of the body maintains when not trying to gain or lose weight?
Set point
What are biological factors involved in obesity?
Heredity and metabolism
What are psychological factors involved in obesity?
Observational learning, stress, media, negative emotions
What are characterized by persistent, gross disturbances in eating patterns?
Eating disorders
What is the term for binge eating and purging?
Bulimia
Which eating disorder may cause an electrolyte imbalance?
Bulimia
What are the biological factors concerning the origin of eating disorders?
Genetics, neurological differences
What are psychological factors that may cause an eating disorder?
Child abuse
What are Socio cultural factors affecting eating disorders?
Idealization of thin females
Which eating disorder is characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging?
Bulimia nervosa
Which eating disorder consists of self starvation?
Anorexia nervosa
Which eating disorder may cause heart problems?
Anorexia nervosa
Which is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of being too heavy, a distorted body image, and dramatic weight loss?
Anorexia nervosa
When do most women experience eating disorders?
During adolescence and young adult hood
What are problems that women with anorexia nervosa face?
Prevents ovulation, leads to general health deterioration and high risk of premature osteoporosis
