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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 10 - Stress, Health, & Adjustment > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Stress, Health, & Adjustment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a perspective that focuses on illness rather than health?

A

Biomedical model

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2
Q

What is a perspective that focuses on health as well as illness?

A

Biopsychosocial model

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3
Q

What is a field concerned with psychological factors that contribute to health, illness and response to illness?

A

Health psychology

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4
Q

What approach of psychology promotes interventions to foster good health and aid in recovery from illness?

A

Health psychology

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5
Q

What were the primary causes of death at the turn of the last century?

A

Pneumonia, body fatigue and infectious diseases

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6
Q

What causes illness and death in us today?

A

Stress, unhealthy lifestyles and lifestyle related diseases

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7
Q

What is the physical and psychological response of the body to any demand that is made on an organism?

A

Stress

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8
Q

What requires an organism to adapt, cope or adjust?

A

Stress

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9
Q

What is any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress?

A

Stressor

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of stress?

A

1) eustress
2) cumulative stress
3) distress

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11
Q

What is a generally short-term stress, known to be a positive motivating force?

A

Eustress

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12
Q

What is a long-term stress that builds over time, producing fatigue and lack of concentration?

A

Cumulative

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13
Q

What is either a short-term or long-term stress that is a negative dysfunctional force, and may lead to disease or health failure?

A

Distress

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14
Q

What is a mental and physical exhaustion that psychologically and physiologically incapacitated the individual?

A

Emotional burnout

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15
Q

What effects does emotional burnout produce?

A

Anxiety, panic, difficulty in concentration, sense of loss of control and autoimmune disease reactions

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16
Q

What are the irritating, frustrating and annoying stresses of everyday life?

A

Daily hassles

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17
Q

What are the major events that can be positive or negative, not occurring on a regular basis?

A

Life changes

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18
Q

How do our well-being and the degree to which we live with a sense of control correlate?

A

Our well-being is influenced by the sense of control

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19
Q

What is happening to numbers of persons taking stress leaves and seeking counselling?

A

Increasing

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20
Q

Who are victims of systemic historical racism?

A

Black America, apartheid in South Africa, First Nations people everything

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21
Q

What are events that expose people to unordinary extreme calamities, profoundly effecting victims and witnesses who hear or see it later?

A

Traumatic and catastrophic events

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22
Q

Why is critical incident stress debriefing after a traumatic event important?

A

So that you can acknowledge that what you’re feeling is a normal reaction to abnormal events

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23
Q

What is the difference between PTS and PTSD?

A

PTS is a common, normal and adaptive response to a traumatic event, while PTSD is a clinically-diagnosed condition, where people constantly think about and relive their experiences

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24
Q

How long can PTSD occur after traumatic event?

A

6 months or longer, tends to be persistent

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25
Q

What is characterized by feelings of anxiety that are caused by a traumatic event?

A

Acute stress disorder

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26
Q

When does acute stress disorder occur?

A

Within a month of the event and lasts 2 days to 4 weeks

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27
Q

Which psychologist was a pioneer in the study of emotion and stress, especially in their relation to cognition?

A

Richard Lazarus

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28
Q

Which theory of emotion centered on the concept of appraisal, dealing with how an individual evaluated the impact of an event on his or her well-being?

A

Cognitive theory of stress

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29
Q

What are Lazarus’ 4 phases of stress?

A

1) Causal Agent - stressor
2) evaluation of stressor - assessment of threat
3) mind & body coping process - dealing with stress
4) stress reaction - complex pattern of effects on mind and body

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30
Q

What do we term stress and frustration being caused by being pulled in two or more directions by opposing/conflicting motives?

A

Conflicting motives

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31
Q

What are 4 different types of conflict?

A

1) approach-approach
2) avoidance-avoidance
3) approach-avoidance
4) multiple approach-avoidance

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32
Q

What is the type of conflict when you are choosing between two positive alternatives?

A

Approach-approach conflict

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33
Q

What is the least stressful type of conflict?

A

Approach-approach

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34
Q

What is the type of conflict when each choice is undesirable?

A

Avoidance-avoidance

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35
Q

Which conflict causes stress when making a choice that produces negatives and positives?

A

Approach-avoidance

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36
Q

What is the type of conflict when each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses?

A

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

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37
Q

What approach to dealing with stress consists of reappraising, modifying, or eliminating the source of stress itself?

A

Problem-focused coping

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38
Q

Which approach to dealing with stress involves reappraising a stress and changing our response?

A

Emotion-focused coping

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39
Q

Which approach to dealing with stress requires that our efforts are initiated before a stressful situation occurs to minimize its consequences?

A

Proactive coping

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40
Q

Which psychologist proposed that our beliefs about events can become stressors?

A

Albert Ellis

41
Q

What did Albert Ellis say about interpreting negative events as being disastrous?

A

It creates and compounds stress

42
Q

What type are people who are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile and aggressive?

A

Type A

43
Q

What type are people who tend to relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life?

A

Type B

44
Q

Which personality type of people experience much more stress-related physical health issues, such as coronary heart disease?

A

Type A

45
Q

Who was a Canadian endocrinologist who did important work on the non-specific response of the organism to stress?

A

Hans Selye

46
Q

Whi described the fight or flight response in organism, stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Hans Selye and Walter Cannon

47
Q

Who conceptualized the general adaptation syndrome?

A

Hans Selye

48
Q

What are the stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A

1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion

49
Q

What effects does repeated stress have on the body?

A

Wears it out

50
Q

Which stage is triggered by the individuals response to a stressor?

A

Alarm reaction stage

51
Q

Which stage mobilizes and arouses the body?

A

Alarm stage

52
Q

Which stage causes corticosteroids to be released by the endocrine system?

A

Alarm reaction

53
Q

What are released to fuel the fight or flight response?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

54
Q

What is also called the adaptation stage?

A

Resistance stage

55
Q

Is the activation of the endocrine and sympathetic nervous system higher or lower than the alarm stage in the resistance stage?

A

Lower

56
Q

What occurs when a stressor is not dealt with adequately during the resistance stage?

A

Exhaustion

57
Q

What stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the Parasympathetic nervous system dominate?

A

Exhaustion stage

58
Q

What may lead to diseases of adaption?

A

Continued stress

59
Q

What effects does stress have on the immune system?

A

It erodes it

60
Q

Who suggested that how one experiences depends on how one perceives a situation?

A

Lazarus

61
Q

What is evaluating a situation to determine if it’s positive, negative or irrelevant to one’s well-being?

A

Primary appraisal

62
Q

What is evaluating resources to alleviate stress when a situation is in a person’s control?

A

Secondary appraisal

63
Q

What is the system of the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents that invade the body?

A

Immune system

64
Q

How does the immune system combat disease?

A

Leukocytes generate antibodies to battle antigens

65
Q

How do steroids affect the immune system?

A

Stress stimulates production of steroids, which suppress the functioning of the immune system and increase vulnerability to infections

66
Q

What is the immune system of a busy and stressed student like?

A

Lower functioning

67
Q

What is the immune system of students with many friends like?

A

Better functioning

68
Q

What is typically men’s response to stress?

A

Fight or flight

69
Q

What is typically a woman’s response to stress?

A

Tend and befriend

70
Q

What is the evolutionary explanation for the gender difference in response to stress?

A

Male hormones promote aggressive behavior and men are more likely to develop stress-related disorders

71
Q

What is a cluster of traits that make people resistant to stress?

A

Psychological hardiness

72
Q

What are the 3 characteristics usually shown by psychologically hardy individuals?

A

1) high commitment
2) high challenge
3) high perceived control over their lives

73
Q

What was Julian Rotter’s work on Locus of Control?

A

It is the degree that one’s cognitions are influenced by either internal or external forces

74
Q

What is Locus of Control?

A

It is the place or source of control

75
Q

How does humour effect stress?

A

Moderates the effect. Laughter stimulates endorphin output, which increases immune system functioning

76
Q

Are optimists typically type A or B?

A

Type B

77
Q

What are characteristics of optimists?

A

Cope better with stress, problem-focused coping

78
Q

What are characteristics of pessimists?

A

Denial and focus on stressful feelings

79
Q

What personality type is a pessimist?

A

A

80
Q

What helps us to brace for a stressor?

A

Predictability

81
Q

How does control effect our coping with stressors?

A

Enhances our ability to cope

82
Q

How does social support act as a buffer against the effects of stress?

A

Protects the body’s cardiovascular and endocrine systems

83
Q

What is a microscopic organism that can cause disease?

A

Pathogen

84
Q

What are biological factors?

A

Age, gender, genetics and injuries

85
Q

What are psychological factors?

A

Attitudes, emotions and behaviours

86
Q

What are sociocultural factors?

A

Social and technological environments

87
Q

What does the biopsychosocial model suggest contributes to contracting an illness?

A

Biological, psychological and sociocultural

88
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in Canada?

A

Coronary Heart disease

89
Q

What are risk factors of coronary heart disease?

A

Smoking, Physical and activity, high blood pressure, diabetes, over consumption of alcohol, obesity, high blood cholesterol

90
Q

What are health promoting behaviours to decrease the risk of coronary heart disease?

A

Healthy eating, exercising regularly, quitting smoking

91
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

Cancer

92
Q

What are risk factors of cancer?

A

Genetic disposition, workplace hazards, stress sunlight, unsafe sexual behavior, smoking, depression, radiation

93
Q

What are health promoting behaviours to decrease the risk of cancer?

A

Stopping smoking, exercising regularly, eating so you were saturated fat, regular medical check ups

94
Q

Who are at high risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?

A

Young adults

95
Q

What are the most common STI’s?

A

Chlamydia and gonorrhoea

96
Q

What can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

97
Q

How many HIV cases were reported to the Canadian Public Health Agency between 1985 and 2016?

A

84,409

98
Q

What increases the risk for contracting HIV or AIDS?

A

Unsafe sexual practises and intravenous drugs

99
Q

What are risk reduction strategies for STI ‘s?

A

Condom use, limiting sexual partners, knowing partner sexual history, refraining from injecting drugs, getting tested for HIV and other STI’s

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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