Chapter 10 - Stress, Health, & Adjustment Flashcards
What is a perspective that focuses on illness rather than health?
Biomedical model
What is a perspective that focuses on health as well as illness?
Biopsychosocial model
What is a field concerned with psychological factors that contribute to health, illness and response to illness?
Health psychology
What approach of psychology promotes interventions to foster good health and aid in recovery from illness?
Health psychology
What were the primary causes of death at the turn of the last century?
Pneumonia, body fatigue and infectious diseases
What causes illness and death in us today?
Stress, unhealthy lifestyles and lifestyle related diseases
What is the physical and psychological response of the body to any demand that is made on an organism?
Stress
What requires an organism to adapt, cope or adjust?
Stress
What is any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress?
Stressor
What are the 3 types of stress?
1) eustress
2) cumulative stress
3) distress
What is a generally short-term stress, known to be a positive motivating force?
Eustress
What is a long-term stress that builds over time, producing fatigue and lack of concentration?
Cumulative
What is either a short-term or long-term stress that is a negative dysfunctional force, and may lead to disease or health failure?
Distress
What is a mental and physical exhaustion that psychologically and physiologically incapacitated the individual?
Emotional burnout
What effects does emotional burnout produce?
Anxiety, panic, difficulty in concentration, sense of loss of control and autoimmune disease reactions
What are the irritating, frustrating and annoying stresses of everyday life?
Daily hassles
What are the major events that can be positive or negative, not occurring on a regular basis?
Life changes
How do our well-being and the degree to which we live with a sense of control correlate?
Our well-being is influenced by the sense of control
What is happening to numbers of persons taking stress leaves and seeking counselling?
Increasing
Who are victims of systemic historical racism?
Black America, apartheid in South Africa, First Nations people everything
What are events that expose people to unordinary extreme calamities, profoundly effecting victims and witnesses who hear or see it later?
Traumatic and catastrophic events
Why is critical incident stress debriefing after a traumatic event important?
So that you can acknowledge that what you’re feeling is a normal reaction to abnormal events
What is the difference between PTS and PTSD?
PTS is a common, normal and adaptive response to a traumatic event, while PTSD is a clinically-diagnosed condition, where people constantly think about and relive their experiences
How long can PTSD occur after traumatic event?
6 months or longer, tends to be persistent
What is characterized by feelings of anxiety that are caused by a traumatic event?
Acute stress disorder
When does acute stress disorder occur?
Within a month of the event and lasts 2 days to 4 weeks
Which psychologist was a pioneer in the study of emotion and stress, especially in their relation to cognition?
Richard Lazarus
Which theory of emotion centered on the concept of appraisal, dealing with how an individual evaluated the impact of an event on his or her well-being?
Cognitive theory of stress
What are Lazarus’ 4 phases of stress?
1) Causal Agent - stressor
2) evaluation of stressor - assessment of threat
3) mind & body coping process - dealing with stress
4) stress reaction - complex pattern of effects on mind and body
What do we term stress and frustration being caused by being pulled in two or more directions by opposing/conflicting motives?
Conflicting motives
What are 4 different types of conflict?
1) approach-approach
2) avoidance-avoidance
3) approach-avoidance
4) multiple approach-avoidance
What is the type of conflict when you are choosing between two positive alternatives?
Approach-approach conflict
What is the least stressful type of conflict?
Approach-approach
What is the type of conflict when each choice is undesirable?
Avoidance-avoidance
Which conflict causes stress when making a choice that produces negatives and positives?
Approach-avoidance
What is the type of conflict when each of several alternative courses of action has pluses and minuses?
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
What approach to dealing with stress consists of reappraising, modifying, or eliminating the source of stress itself?
Problem-focused coping
Which approach to dealing with stress involves reappraising a stress and changing our response?
Emotion-focused coping
Which approach to dealing with stress requires that our efforts are initiated before a stressful situation occurs to minimize its consequences?
Proactive coping
Which psychologist proposed that our beliefs about events can become stressors?
Albert Ellis
What did Albert Ellis say about interpreting negative events as being disastrous?
It creates and compounds stress
What type are people who are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile and aggressive?
Type A
What type are people who tend to relax more readily and focus more on the quality of life?
Type B
Which personality type of people experience much more stress-related physical health issues, such as coronary heart disease?
Type A
Who was a Canadian endocrinologist who did important work on the non-specific response of the organism to stress?
Hans Selye
Whi described the fight or flight response in organism, stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?
Hans Selye and Walter Cannon
Who conceptualized the general adaptation syndrome?
Hans Selye
What are the stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion
What effects does repeated stress have on the body?
Wears it out
Which stage is triggered by the individuals response to a stressor?
Alarm reaction stage
Which stage mobilizes and arouses the body?
Alarm stage
Which stage causes corticosteroids to be released by the endocrine system?
Alarm reaction
What are released to fuel the fight or flight response?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
What is also called the adaptation stage?
Resistance stage
Is the activation of the endocrine and sympathetic nervous system higher or lower than the alarm stage in the resistance stage?
Lower
What occurs when a stressor is not dealt with adequately during the resistance stage?
Exhaustion
What stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the Parasympathetic nervous system dominate?
Exhaustion stage
What may lead to diseases of adaption?
Continued stress
What effects does stress have on the immune system?
It erodes it
Who suggested that how one experiences depends on how one perceives a situation?
Lazarus
What is evaluating a situation to determine if it’s positive, negative or irrelevant to one’s well-being?
Primary appraisal
What is evaluating resources to alleviate stress when a situation is in a person’s control?
Secondary appraisal
What is the system of the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents that invade the body?
Immune system
How does the immune system combat disease?
Leukocytes generate antibodies to battle antigens
How do steroids affect the immune system?
Stress stimulates production of steroids, which suppress the functioning of the immune system and increase vulnerability to infections
What is the immune system of a busy and stressed student like?
Lower functioning
What is the immune system of students with many friends like?
Better functioning
What is typically men’s response to stress?
Fight or flight
What is typically a woman’s response to stress?
Tend and befriend
What is the evolutionary explanation for the gender difference in response to stress?
Male hormones promote aggressive behavior and men are more likely to develop stress-related disorders
What is a cluster of traits that make people resistant to stress?
Psychological hardiness
What are the 3 characteristics usually shown by psychologically hardy individuals?
1) high commitment
2) high challenge
3) high perceived control over their lives
What was Julian Rotter’s work on Locus of Control?
It is the degree that one’s cognitions are influenced by either internal or external forces
What is Locus of Control?
It is the place or source of control
How does humour effect stress?
Moderates the effect. Laughter stimulates endorphin output, which increases immune system functioning
Are optimists typically type A or B?
Type B
What are characteristics of optimists?
Cope better with stress, problem-focused coping
What are characteristics of pessimists?
Denial and focus on stressful feelings
What personality type is a pessimist?
A
What helps us to brace for a stressor?
Predictability
How does control effect our coping with stressors?
Enhances our ability to cope
How does social support act as a buffer against the effects of stress?
Protects the body’s cardiovascular and endocrine systems
What is a microscopic organism that can cause disease?
Pathogen
What are biological factors?
Age, gender, genetics and injuries
What are psychological factors?
Attitudes, emotions and behaviours
What are sociocultural factors?
Social and technological environments
What does the biopsychosocial model suggest contributes to contracting an illness?
Biological, psychological and sociocultural
What is the second leading cause of death in Canada?
Coronary Heart disease
What are risk factors of coronary heart disease?
Smoking, Physical and activity, high blood pressure, diabetes, over consumption of alcohol, obesity, high blood cholesterol
What are health promoting behaviours to decrease the risk of coronary heart disease?
Healthy eating, exercising regularly, quitting smoking
What is the leading cause of death in Canada?
Cancer
What are risk factors of cancer?
Genetic disposition, workplace hazards, stress sunlight, unsafe sexual behavior, smoking, depression, radiation
What are health promoting behaviours to decrease the risk of cancer?
Stopping smoking, exercising regularly, eating so you were saturated fat, regular medical check ups
Who are at high risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?
Young adults
What are the most common STI’s?
Chlamydia and gonorrhoea
What can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
How many HIV cases were reported to the Canadian Public Health Agency between 1985 and 2016?
84,409
What increases the risk for contracting HIV or AIDS?
Unsafe sexual practises and intravenous drugs
What are risk reduction strategies for STI ‘s?
Condom use, limiting sexual partners, knowing partner sexual history, refraining from injecting drugs, getting tested for HIV and other STI’s
