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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 12 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology?

A

Area of study that attempts to explain how the actual, imagine, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals

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2
Q

What is the likelihood that an overall impression or judgement of another will be influenced by the first information received about the person?

A

Primacy effect

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3
Q

What are personal biases that affect our attitude toward other people?

A

Expectations

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4
Q

What is the term for a person attributing behavior to some external cause or factor operating with the situation?

A

Situational attribution

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5
Q

What is the term for a person attributing behaviour to some internal cause or personal trait?

A

Dispositional attributions

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6
Q

What is the tendency to attribute our shortcomings to situational factors rather than internal ones?

A

Actor-observer bias

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7
Q

What type of attribution is overemphasizing internal factors and underestimating external factors when explaining another person’s behavior?

A

Fundamental attribution error

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8
Q

What is the term for observing another person and making a judgment without knowing all the details?

A

Fundamental attribution error

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9
Q

What is our tendency to attribute our successes to dispositional causes, and failures to situational causes?

A

Self-serving bias

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10
Q

How is proximity a major factor in attraction?

A

We tend to do what’s convenient

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11
Q

What is the tendency of people to develop more positive evaluation of some person, object or other stimulus with repeated exposure to it?

A

Mere-exposure effect

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12
Q

What is the term for the tendency to like people if we believe they like us?

A

Reciprocity or reciprocal liking

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13
Q

What is considered attractive in any given population?

A

Average features

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14
Q

What is the notion that people tend to have partners and friends who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness?

A

Matching hypothesis

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15
Q

Is the notion that opposites attract true?

A

Spouses tend to complement each other

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16
Q

What is changing a behaviour to be consistent with the norms of the group?

A

Conformity

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17
Q

What are the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group?

A

Norms

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18
Q

Which psychologist is famous for his experiments showing social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect?

A

Solomon Asch

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19
Q

What were Asch’s findings with his conformity experiment?

A

The larger the group, the more likely a person was to conform to the consensus of the group

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20
Q

Which psychologist did the obedience experiment using shocks as punishment?

A

Stanley Milgram

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21
Q

How many people continued to use shocks until the end of the Stanley Milgram’s experiment?

A

65%

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22
Q

Which psychologist is known for the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

Philip Zimbardo

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23
Q

What were the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

A

People lose track of reality quickly and become aggressive or hostile. They justify their behavior as “I was just doing my job”. There is a need for ethics and regulation

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24
Q

What is the compliance technique where you first make a small request and then you follow it with a larger request?

A

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

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25
Q

What is the Door-in-the-Face Technique?

A

First make a large unreasonable request and follow it with a small request

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26
Q

What is the Low-Ball Technique?

A

Get person to agree to attractive terms and then the terms are changed to be less favourable

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27
Q

What refers to any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others?

A

Social facilitation

28
Q

What is the impact of passive spectators?

A

Audience effect

29
Q

What is the impact on performance caused by presence of others engaged in same task?

A

Co-Action effect

30
Q

What is the tendency to exert less effort when working with others than when working alone?

A

Social Loafing

31
Q

When effect does group polarization have?

A

Causes people to shift to more extreme positions, especially when they have to save face

32
Q

What is the term for tight-knit groups making poor decisions because they are more interested in maintaining group cohesion than getting the right answer?

A

Groupthink

33
Q

What are the ABC’s of psychology, showing the 3 components of attitudes?

A

1) emotional (Affect) component
2) Behavioural component
3) Cognitive component

34
Q

In what conditions are attitudes good predictors of behavior?

A

1) attitudes strongly held
2) attitudes readily accessible in memory
3) attitudes vitally affect our interests

35
Q

What is the unpleasant state than can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior?

A

Cognitive dissonance

36
Q

What is incompatibility between our belief, actions and attitudes?

A

Cognitive dissonance

37
Q

How do we reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

1) changing behavior or attitude
2) explaining away the inconsistency
3) reducing its importance

38
Q

What is a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behaviour of another?

A

Persuasion

39
Q

What are the 4 elements of persuasion?

A

1) source
2) audience
3) message
4) medium

40
Q

What are negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group?

A

Prejudice

41
Q

What is negative behavior directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group?

A

Discrimination

42
Q

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A 
Prejudice = thoughts
Discrimination = actions
43
Q

What is giving special treatment or higher evaluations to individuals from groups that have been the target of discrimination e.g. women and minorities in policing?

A

Reverse discrimination

44
Q

What suggests that people learn attitudes of prejudice and hatred the same way they learn other attitudes - by modeling from their closest associates?

A

Social learning theory

45
Q

Who developed the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

46
Q

What is differential association according to Edwin Sutherland?

A

People learn criminal behavior based on interactions they have with others and the values they receive during that interaction

47
Q

What is the notion that prejudices arise when social groups must compete for scarce economic resources?

A

Realistic conflict theory

48
Q

What is a social group with a strong sense of togetherness, and others are excluded?

A

In-group

49
Q

What is a social group specifically identified by the in-groups as not belonging?

A

Out-group conflict

50
Q

What are mental processes that people use to notice, interpret, remember and apply information about the social world and enable them to build schemas?

A

Social cognition

51
Q

What are widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes and behaviours of members of various social groups?

A

Stereotypes

52
Q

What is the notion that prejudice can be reduced through increased contact with members of different social groups?

A

Contact hypothesis

53
Q

What is our tendency to separate ourselves into social categories which creates an us and them mentality?

A

Extending boundaries

54
Q

What is the term for the probability of a victim receiving help decreasing as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases?

A

Bystander effect

55
Q

Why does the bystander effect occur?

A

Diffusion of responsibility

56
Q

What is the tendency to feel less responsible in the presence of other people?

A

Diffusion of responsibility

57
Q

What is behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation and sympathy?

A

Prosocial behaviour

58
Q

What is behaviour aimed at helping another, requiring some self-sacrifice and not designed for personal gain or reward?

A

Altruism

59
Q

When are people more likely to help?

A

1) specialized training
2) not in a hurry
3) have had positive role models
4) in a good mood
5) weather is good

60
Q

Are genetics involved in aggression?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is interference with the attainment of a goal or the blocking of an impulse, known as anomy?

A

Frustration

62
Q

What is the hypothesis that frustration causes aggression?

A

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

63
Q

What is displacing aggression onto minority groups or other innocent targets who were not responsible for the frustration causing the aggression?

A

Scapegoating

64
Q

What is the scapegoat theory?

A

Disadvantaged people who unfairly blame minorities for their own problems

65
Q

Who proposed that societies that condone violence have higher incidence of violence?

A

Albert Bandura

66
Q

What is one of the best predictors of how aggressive a young man will be by 19?

A

What TV programs he watches when he is 8 years old

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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