Chapter 12 - Social Psychology Flashcards
What is social psychology?
Area of study that attempts to explain how the actual, imagine, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals
What is the likelihood that an overall impression or judgement of another will be influenced by the first information received about the person?
Primacy effect
What are personal biases that affect our attitude toward other people?
Expectations
What is the term for a person attributing behavior to some external cause or factor operating with the situation?
Situational attribution
What is the term for a person attributing behaviour to some internal cause or personal trait?
Dispositional attributions
What is the tendency to attribute our shortcomings to situational factors rather than internal ones?
Actor-observer bias
What type of attribution is overemphasizing internal factors and underestimating external factors when explaining another person’s behavior?
Fundamental attribution error
What is the term for observing another person and making a judgment without knowing all the details?
Fundamental attribution error
What is our tendency to attribute our successes to dispositional causes, and failures to situational causes?
Self-serving bias
How is proximity a major factor in attraction?
We tend to do what’s convenient
What is the tendency of people to develop more positive evaluation of some person, object or other stimulus with repeated exposure to it?
Mere-exposure effect
What is the term for the tendency to like people if we believe they like us?
Reciprocity or reciprocal liking
What is considered attractive in any given population?
Average features
What is the notion that people tend to have partners and friends who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness?
Matching hypothesis
Is the notion that opposites attract true?
Spouses tend to complement each other
What is changing a behaviour to be consistent with the norms of the group?
Conformity
What are the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group?
Norms
Which psychologist is famous for his experiments showing social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect?
Solomon Asch
What were Asch’s findings with his conformity experiment?
The larger the group, the more likely a person was to conform to the consensus of the group
Which psychologist did the obedience experiment using shocks as punishment?
Stanley Milgram
How many people continued to use shocks until the end of the Stanley Milgram’s experiment?
65%
Which psychologist is known for the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Philip Zimbardo
What were the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
People lose track of reality quickly and become aggressive or hostile. They justify their behavior as “I was just doing my job”. There is a need for ethics and regulation
What is the compliance technique where you first make a small request and then you follow it with a larger request?
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
What is the Door-in-the-Face Technique?
First make a large unreasonable request and follow it with a small request
What is the Low-Ball Technique?
Get person to agree to attractive terms and then the terms are changed to be less favourable
What refers to any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others?
Social facilitation
What is the impact of passive spectators?
Audience effect
What is the impact on performance caused by presence of others engaged in same task?
Co-Action effect
What is the tendency to exert less effort when working with others than when working alone?
Social Loafing
When effect does group polarization have?
Causes people to shift to more extreme positions, especially when they have to save face
What is the term for tight-knit groups making poor decisions because they are more interested in maintaining group cohesion than getting the right answer?
Groupthink
What are the ABC’s of psychology, showing the 3 components of attitudes?
1) emotional (Affect) component
2) Behavioural component
3) Cognitive component
In what conditions are attitudes good predictors of behavior?
1) attitudes strongly held
2) attitudes readily accessible in memory
3) attitudes vitally affect our interests
What is the unpleasant state than can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior?
Cognitive dissonance
What is incompatibility between our belief, actions and attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
How do we reduce cognitive dissonance?
1) changing behavior or attitude
2) explaining away the inconsistency
3) reducing its importance
What is a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behaviour of another?
Persuasion
What are the 4 elements of persuasion?
1) source
2) audience
3) message
4) medium
What are negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group?
Prejudice
What is negative behavior directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group?
Discrimination
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice = thoughts Discrimination = actions
What is giving special treatment or higher evaluations to individuals from groups that have been the target of discrimination e.g. women and minorities in policing?
Reverse discrimination
What suggests that people learn attitudes of prejudice and hatred the same way they learn other attitudes - by modeling from their closest associates?
Social learning theory
Who developed the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
What is differential association according to Edwin Sutherland?
People learn criminal behavior based on interactions they have with others and the values they receive during that interaction
What is the notion that prejudices arise when social groups must compete for scarce economic resources?
Realistic conflict theory
What is a social group with a strong sense of togetherness, and others are excluded?
In-group
What is a social group specifically identified by the in-groups as not belonging?
Out-group conflict
What are mental processes that people use to notice, interpret, remember and apply information about the social world and enable them to build schemas?
Social cognition
What are widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes and behaviours of members of various social groups?
Stereotypes
What is the notion that prejudice can be reduced through increased contact with members of different social groups?
Contact hypothesis
What is our tendency to separate ourselves into social categories which creates an us and them mentality?
Extending boundaries
What is the term for the probability of a victim receiving help decreasing as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases?
Bystander effect
Why does the bystander effect occur?
Diffusion of responsibility
What is the tendency to feel less responsible in the presence of other people?
Diffusion of responsibility
What is behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation and sympathy?
Prosocial behaviour
What is behaviour aimed at helping another, requiring some self-sacrifice and not designed for personal gain or reward?
Altruism
When are people more likely to help?
1) specialized training
2) not in a hurry
3) have had positive role models
4) in a good mood
5) weather is good
Are genetics involved in aggression?
Yes
What is interference with the attainment of a goal or the blocking of an impulse, known as anomy?
Frustration
What is the hypothesis that frustration causes aggression?
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
What is displacing aggression onto minority groups or other innocent targets who were not responsible for the frustration causing the aggression?
Scapegoating
What is the scapegoat theory?
Disadvantaged people who unfairly blame minorities for their own problems
Who proposed that societies that condone violence have higher incidence of violence?
Albert Bandura
What is one of the best predictors of how aggressive a young man will be by 19?
What TV programs he watches when he is 8 years old
