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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 11 - Personality: Theory & Measurement > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Personality: Theory & Measurement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the distinct patterns of behavior, thoughts & feelings that characterize a person’s adaptation to life?

A

Personality

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2
Q

What states that no two persons are ever exactly alike?

A

Personality

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3
Q

What type of theories propose that personality and behaviour are shaped and influenced by external and internal conflicts?

A

Psychodynamic theories

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4
Q

What type of theory is Sigmund Freud’s perspective?

A

Psychoanalytic

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5
Q

What does the psychoanalytic theory emphasize?

A

Importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior

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6
Q

Who is the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology?

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Who theorized that the mind is like an iceberg with 3 levels of awareness?

A

Sigmund Freud

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8
Q

What are Sigmund Freud’s three levels of consciousness?

A

1) conscious
2) preconscious
3) unconscious

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9
Q

Which level of consciousness is all the thoughts, feelings, sensations, and memories which we are aware of at any given time?

A

Conscious

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10
Q

Which level of awareness are the thoughts, feelings and memories that we aren’t consciously aware of at the moment?

A

Preconscious

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11
Q

Which level of awareness contains thoughts that can be brought to mind?

A

Preconscious

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12
Q

Which level of awareness is one’s primary motivating force of behavior?

A

Unconscious

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13
Q

Which level of awareness contains all of one’s earliest and repressed memories?

A

Unconscious

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14
Q

What are psychic structures?

A

Describe the clashing forces of personality

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15
Q

What are Sigmund Freud’s 3 psychic structures of personality?

A

1) ID
2) superego
3) ego

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16
Q

Which psychic structure contains life instincts and operates on the pleasure principle?

A

ID

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17
Q

Which psychic structure functions as a moral guardian, setting forth high standards for behaviour?

A

Superego

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18
Q

Which psychic structure develops during the 1st year of life?

A

Ego

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19
Q

Which psychic structure resides at conscious, preconscious and conscious?

A

Ego

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20
Q

Which psychic structure has a role to satisfy the urges of the ID?

A

Ego

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21
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory’s idea of identification?

A

Unconscious adoption of mother person’s behavior

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22
Q

Why did Sigmund Freud identify defense mechanisms in humans?

A

The ego needs some way to deal with conflict between the ID and the superego or reality?

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23
Q

What are the 8 defense mechanisms identified by Sigmund Freud?

A

1) repression
2) projection
3) denial
4) rationalization
5) regression
6) reaction
7) displacement
8) sublimation

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24
Q

What is the act of removing unpleasant memories from one’s consciousness so that one is not aware of the painful event?

A

Repression

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25
Q

What is the act of attributing our own undesirable thoughts, impulses, personality traits or behaviours to others?

A

Projection

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26
Q

What is the act of refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of a range of a threatening condition?

A

Denial

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27
Q

What is the act of supplying a logical, rational, socially acceptable reason for an unacceptable thought or action?

A

Rationalization

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28
Q

What is the act of reverting to a behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development?

A

Regression

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29
Q

What is the process of denying an unacceptable impulse, usually sexual or aggressive, by giving strong conscious expression to its opposite?

A

Reaction formation

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30
Q

What is the substitution of a less threatening object for the original object of an impulse?

A

Displacement

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31
Q

What is the rechanneling of sexual or aggressive energy to pursuits or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even praiseworthy?

A

Sublimation

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32
Q

What are the stages of psychosexual development?

A

1) oral (0-1yrs)
2) anal (2-3yrs)
3) phallic (3-6yrs)
4) latency (6-puberty)
5) genital (puberty)

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33
Q

What is the major instinct that preserves and perpetuates life?

A

Eros

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34
Q

What is expressed through different pleasure - experiencing erogenous zones of the body?

A

Libido

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35
Q

What is Eros fuelled by?

A

Libido

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36
Q

Which complex involving child’s libidinal attachment to the opposite-sex parent is in the boy?

A

Oedipal

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37
Q

Which complex involving child’s libidinal attachment to the opposite-sex parent is in the girl?

A

Electra

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38
Q

What does the resolution of the Oedipal and Electra complex result in?

A

Child identifying with the same-sex parent

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39
Q

Which stage of psychosexual development has no erogenous zones?

A

Latency

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40
Q

Which stage of psychosexual development happens between zero and one years?

A

Oral

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41
Q

Which stage of psychosexual development happens between 3 to 6 years old?

A

Phallic

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42
Q

Which stage of psychosexual development happens between 2 to 3 years old?

A

Anal

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43
Q

Which stage of psychosexual development happens at puberty?

A

Genital

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44
Q

Who is the founder of analytical psychology?

A

Carl Jung

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45
Q

What did Carl Jung develop his theory around the notion of?

A

Personal unconscious

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46
Q

What is the idea of personal unconscious?

A

Depository of primitive images called archetypes to reflect human history. It’s the layer of the unconscious containing all the experiences thoughts and perceptions

47
Q

What does the personal unconscious develop from?

A

One’s own experience

48
Q

What is the most inaccessible layer of the unconsciousness, containing the universal experiences of humankind transmitted to each individual?

A

Collective unconscious

49
Q

What is the phrase coined by Carl Jung?

A

Archetypes

50
Q

What are archetypes?

A

Existing and collective conscious, and inherent tendency to respond in particular ways to Universal situations

51
Q

Who is the founder of individual psychology?

A

Alfred Adler

52
Q

Who thought that a self-aware aspect of personality or creative self strives to overcome obstacles and develop the persons potential?

A

Alfred Adler

53
Q

What theory emphasizes feelings of inferiority and the creative self?

A

Individual psychology

54
Q

According to individual psychology, what is more motivated by the conscious than unconscious, influenced by future goals rather than early childhood experiences?

A

Behavior

55
Q

What complex proposes that we’re driven by our need to compensate for our inferiority or sense of lack of achievement?

A

Inferiority complex

56
Q

What complex proposes that we strive for superiority, or personal significance, and project our feelings onto others we perceive as inferior?

A

Superiority complex

57
Q

What is Alfred Adler’s style of life?

A

An individual’s unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to the three main tasks of living

58
Q

What are the 3 main tasks of living according to Alfred Adler?

A

Friendship, love and work

59
Q

What kind of analysis was Karen Horney?

A

Neo-Freudian psychoanalyst

60
Q

Who believed that social relationships were more important to one’s development than the unconscious sexual impulses?

A

Karen Horney

61
Q

Who proposed that genuine and consistent love can alleviate the effects of a traumatic childhood?

A

Karen Horney

62
Q

What two main themes was Karen Horney’s work centered on?

A

Neurotic personality and feminine psychology

63
Q

Who believed that one must learn to overcome the irrational belief about the need for perfection?

A

Karen Horney

64
Q

Who proposed the psychosocial theory of personality and development?

A

Erik Erikson

65
Q

What does Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development of personality emphasize?

A

Social relationships and eight stages of growth

66
Q

Who proposed that the resolution of each crisis leads to the development of positive age-appropriate traits and a healthy individual?

A

Erik Erikson

67
Q

What is a relatively stable aspect of personality that can be inferred from behavior?

A

Trait

68
Q

Who was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality?

A

Gordon Allport

69
Q

What is a personal quality that is so strong a part of a person’s personality that they may become identified with that trait?

A

Cardinal Trait

70
Q

What is the type of trait you would mention in writing a letter of recommendation?

A

Central trait

71
Q

What are the different things that the trait theory asks if our behavior is a result of?

A

Trait vs State
Nature vs Nurture
Innate vs Environmental
Disposition vs Situation

72
Q

What is a statistical technique used to tease out clusters of variables that seem to reflect a more basic or underlying variable?

A

Factor analysis

73
Q

Who was a proponent of factor analysis methods, in place of verbal theorizing?

A

Raymond Cattell

74
Q

How many factors did Cattell suggest support human personality source traits?

A

16

75
Q

According to Cattell, what are the observable qualities of a personality?

A

Surface traits

76
Q

According to Cattell, what are traits that underlie the surface traits, make up the most basic personality structure, and cause behavior?

A

Source traits

77
Q

What was most of Hans J. Eysenck’s personality research focused on?

A

Relationships between introversion and extroversion

78
Q

What is a trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses?

A

Introversion

79
Q

What is a trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely?

A

Extroversion

80
Q

What is emotional stability-instability?

A

Neuroticism

81
Q

What is the most efficient way to measure personality according to McCrae and Costa, called the “Big Five”?

A

1) openness to experience
2) conscientiousness
3) extroversion
4) agreeableness
5) neuroticism

82
Q

In the Big Five, what is the degree of dependability?

A

Conscientiousness

83
Q

In the Big Five, what is the degree of friendliness?

A

Agreeableness

84
Q

In the Big Five, what is the degree of open-mindedness?

A

Openness to experience

85
Q

What is the idea of personality genetics?

A

Building blocks of personality may be written into DNA. Optimism and self-esteem are predicted by a portion of the third chromosome associated with the greater utilization of oxytocin

86
Q

What is the heritability of an extroverted personality?

A

40-60%

87
Q

What levels are higher in the brains of extroverts than those of introverts?

A

Dopamine

88
Q

What personalities are the ones with the most connects and friends on Facebook?

A

Extroverted

89
Q

What do learning theorists say about personality?

A

Personality consists of patterns of behavior that are learned and unlearned

90
Q

What did John Watson and B.F. Skinner find out about personality?

A

Personality is plastic and shaped by situational and environmental factors

91
Q

Who believed that personality is a collection of learned behaviours or habits that have been reinforced in the past?

A

B. F. Skinner

92
Q

What is Reciprocal Determinism by Albert Bandura?

A

How people are influenced by their environment

93
Q

What are the 3 parts of reciprocal determinism?

A

1) one’s environment
2) one’s behaviour
3) one’s personal cognitive factors

94
Q

What theory suggests that knowledge is acquired by observing others?

A

Observational learning

95
Q

What is the belief that you can accomplish certain things?

A

Self-efficacy

96
Q

What refers to a person’s sense of self-worth?

A

Self-esteem

97
Q

What theory suggests that there is observational learning of male and female behaviours?

A

Social-cognitive theory

98
Q

Who identified the locus of control?

A

Julian Rotter

99
Q

What is the idea of the Locus of Control?

A

Represents how a person’s decision making ability is influenced

100
Q

What type of Loci are people that are generally more apt to be stressed and suffers from depression?

A

External Loci

101
Q

What type of Loci are people that make decisions or choices primarily on their own?

A

Internal Loci

102
Q

What do Humanists believe about personality?

A

People are capable of free-choice, self-fulfillment and ethical behavior

103
Q

Who contended that motivational factors are at the root of personality?

A

Abram Maslow

104
Q

What is at the top of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Self-actualization

105
Q

People who have a sense of mission, peacefulness, simplicity, humour and comfort are considered what?

A

Self-actualizers

106
Q

Who viewed human nature as basically good and developed his theory of personality through insights gained from patients in therapy?

A

Carl Rogers

107
Q

Who suggested that each individual has a private subjective reality?

A

Carl Rogers

108
Q

What theory focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely?

A

Self theory

109
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Involves accepting individuals as having intrinsic merit, regardless of present behavior

110
Q

With is accepting individuals only when they behave in a desired manner?

A

Conditional positive regard

111
Q

What perspective focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior and mental processes?

A

Sociocultural perspective

112
Q

How do individualists define self?

A

In terms of personal traits, gives priority to personal goals

113
Q

How do collectivists define self?

A

In terms of groups, gives priority to the group’s goals

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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