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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, & Language > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, & Language Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the underlying ability to understand the world and cope with its challenges?

A

Intelligence

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2
Q

What do people use language in the process of?

A

Communicating, thinking, and memory

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3
Q

How do people differ from lower organisms in intelligence?

A

Capacity for rational thinking

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4
Q

Who originally defined intelligence as an individual’s ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in various forms of reasoning and overcome obstacles by taking thought?

A

Neisser

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5
Q

What involves paying attention to information, representing at mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgements and decisions about it?

A

Thinking

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6
Q

What refers to conscious, planned attempt to make sense of them change the world?

A

Thinking

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7
Q

What is the representation of sensory experiences in our mind?

A

Imagery

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8
Q

What’s a mental category used to group objects, relations, events, obstructions, or qualities that have common properties?

A

concept

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9
Q

What is a concept of the category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category?

A

Prototype

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10
Q

What is a specific example?

A

Exemplar

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11
Q

How is problem-solving an important aspect of thinking?

A

We may use trial and error to solve the problem

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12
Q

What approach starts with the solution, unknown condition, and works back through the problem?

A

Working backwards

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13
Q

How do solutions help us understand the problem?

A

Using trial and error

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14
Q

What is a systematic procedure for solving a problem; invariably works when correctly applied?

A

Algorithm

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15
Q

What is an algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules?

A

Systematic random search

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16
Q

And how do heuristics help us understand the problem?

A

General rules that help us simplify and solve problems

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17
Q

What is a type of heuristic that has individuals try to solve the problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and goal?

A

Means-end analysis

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18
Q

What does the use of analogies involve in understanding problems?

A

Evaluation of partial similarities among things that are otherwise different

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19
Q

What are factors that affect problem-solving?

A

Expertise, mental set, insight, incubation

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20
Q

What factor does expertise have in problem solving?

A

Experts are more efficient, strategic, and intuitive problem solvers than novices

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21
Q

What is the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems?

A

Mental set

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22
Q

What is the sudden perception of relational elements of a problem the permits its solution?

A

Insight

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23
Q

What involves standing back from a problem for a while to have the solution “suddenly” appear?

A

Incubation

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24
Q

What is the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage?

A

Functional fixedness

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25
Q

What involves making judgements about samples on the basis of the population they appear to represent?

A

Representative heuristic

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26
Q

What is basing estimates of the frequency of event on how easy it is to find examples of the event?

A

Availability heuristic

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27
Q

What involves using a presumption is a cognitive anchor for subssequent information?

A

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

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28
Q

What is the framing effect?

A

Wording and context in which information is presented

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29
Q

How does overconfidence factor into decision making?

A

We are overconfident of our decisions, even if they are incorrect

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30
Q

What percentage of our IQ scores does heritability affect in children and adolescents?

A

50%

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31
Q

What percentage of heritability accounts for IQ scores in adults?

A

60-80%

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32
Q

How have psychologists discovered the difference in factors from heredity or environment effecting our intelligence and personality?

A

Through studying twins

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33
Q

What is the term for twins with 1 egg/sperm that divides?

A

Identical twins/monozygotic twins

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34
Q

What is the term for twins with two eggs and two sperms?

A

Fraternal twins/dizygotic twins

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35
Q

What series propose that intelligence is made up of a number of mental abilities?

A

Factor theories

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36
Q

What was Charles Spearman’s contribution to theories of intelligence?

A

He distinguish between factors G (general intelligence) & S (specific abilities)

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37
Q

What was Charles Spearman’s theory about cognitive test scores?

A

They reflect a single general factor (g-factor)

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38
Q

What was Spearman’s term for a general intellectual ability the underlies all mental operations to some degree?

A

G-factor (general ability)

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39
Q

Which psychologist believe the individuals who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well?

A

Charles Spearman

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40
Q

Which psychologist is responsible for the standardized mean and standard deviation of IQ scores?

A

Louis L. Thurstone

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41
Q

Which psychologist suggested the presence of nine specific factors, called primary mental abilities?

A

Louis L. Thurstone

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42
Q

What are the basic abilities that make up intelligence, discovered by Louis Thurstone?

A

Primary mental abilities

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43
Q

What are the seven mental abilities on which Louis Thurstone built tests?

A

1) verbal comprehension
2) numerical ability
3) spatial relations
4) perceptual speed
5) word fluency
6) memory
7) reasoning

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44
Q

Who proposed that 3 dimensions were necessary for accurate description of intelligence?

A

Joy P. Guilford

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45
Q

What are the 3 dimensions necessary to characterize intelligence proposed by Joy P. Guilford?

A

1) mental operations
2) content
3) productions

46
Q

Who made the important distinction between convergent and divergent production?

A

Joy P. Guilford

47
Q

When looking at the structure of the intellect, what are the processes that include thinking, memory and evaluation?

A

Mental operations

48
Q

When looking at Guilford’s dimensions of the intellect, which dimension is the outcomes of mental operations?

A

Products

49
Q

When looking at Guilford’s dimensions of intellect, which dimension includes what is being thought about, and can be visible, auditory, figural, symbolic, semantic or behavioural?

A

Content

50
Q

Which psychologist proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

A

Howard Gardner

51
Q

Which field did Howard Gardner receive most criticism from regarding his theory of multiple intelligences?

A

Psychometrics

52
Q

What is Howard Gardner’s most famous work?

A

His book, Frames of Mind, which details 7 dimensions of intelligence

53
Q

What are the 7 intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?

A

1) linguistic
2) logical/mathematical intelligence
3) spatial intelligence
4) body kinesthetic intelligence
5) musical intelligence
6) interpersonal intelligence
7) intrapersonal intelligence

54
Q

What is Gardner’s eighth dimension of intelligence?

A

Naturalist intelligence (more in tune with nature) & existentialist intelligence (capacity to tackle deep life questions)

55
Q

What did the “idiot savant” study by Howard Gardner find?

A

Condition in which individuals have a mental disability coupled with an unusual talent or ability

56
Q

Who was the psychologist to take the first groundbreaking theory, a more cognitive approach, against the psychometric approach to intelligence?

A

Robert J. Sternberg

57
Q

Which psychologist suggested as a definition of intelligence, that it is how well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout the lifespan?

A

Robert J. Sternberg

58
Q

What is a mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection in shaping of, real world environments-relevant to one’s life?

A

Intelligence

59
Q

What is the triarchic theory of intelligence proposed by Robert J. Sternberg?

A

3 types of intelligence:

1) componential
2) experiential
3) contextual

60
Q

What is simply ones academic ability measured my information processing strategies, in light of the Triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Componential

61
Q

Which dimension of Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence includes metacognition?

A

Componential

62
Q

Which dimension of Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence involves the creative transfer of abilities across situations-adaptability?

A

Experiential

63
Q

What dimension of Sternberg’s theory suggests that intelligence includes one’s ability to utilize “street-smarts” - “natural giftedness”?

A

Contextual

64
Q

What are two of the most widely used intelligence tests?

A

1) Stanford-Binet intelligence scale

2) Wechsler scales

65
Q

Who assumed that intelligence increases with age?

A

Binet

66
Q

Which psychologist publish the first modern intelligence test?

A

Albert Binet

67
Q

What was Binet’s principal goal in creating the first modern intelligence test?

A

Identify students who need a special help and coping with the school curriculums

68
Q

Initially, what was Binet’s intelligence test a measurement of?

A

Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 to get a %

69
Q

What was wrong with the Stanford- Binet intelligence formula at first?

A

Measured a child’s intellectual level of functioning but didn’t account for maturity once reached

70
Q

What is an intelligence quotient?

A

A ratio obtained by dividing a child score, or mental age, on an intelligence test by chronological age

71
Q

What is the accumulated months of credit to the person earns on the SBIS?

A

Mental age

72
Q

What does the Stanford- Binet intelligence scale measure?

A

A child’s intellectual level of functioning

73
Q

What do the scales created by David Wechsler measure?

A

Where children and adults are at scholastically

74
Q

Which intelligence scale groups test questions into a number of separate subtests, that measure different intellectual tasks?

A

Wechsler intelligence scale

75
Q

Where are group test, intelligence test administered to large groups of people at a time, often used in?

A

Schools and the military

76
Q

What are the Socioeconomic and ethnic differences in intellectual functioning?

A

Difference in IQ scores is due to socioeconomic status, Cultural attitudes toward education, culturally biased test questions

77
Q

What do most researchers agree that intelligence is the result of?

A

1) Nature (genetic influences)

2) nurture (environmental influences)

78
Q

What is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to genetic factors?

A

Heritability

79
Q

What is the link to High IQ scores in children in the home environment?

A

Engaged parents and enriched home environment = high IQ scores in children

80
Q

What is the link between education and high IQ scores?

A

Quality school programs = higher IQ scores

81
Q

What is the theory popularized by Daniel Goleman that social and emotional skills are a form of intelligence?

A

Emotional intelligence

82
Q

What two of Howard Gardner’s intelligences does emotional intelligence resemble?

A

Interpersonal skills and intra- personal skills

83
Q

What are the two components of emotional intelligence?

A

1) Intrapersonal skills

2) interpersonal skills

84
Q

What are intra-personal skills?

A

Ability to manage one’s own emotions

85
Q

What is empathy, or the ability to perceive, understand, and relate to the emotions of others attributed to?

A

Interpersonal skills

86
Q

What is the ability to generate new and original, useful, appropriate, invaluable ideas or solutions to problems?

A

Creativity

87
Q

What is the relationship between measures of creativity and scores on standard intelligence test?

A

Moderate relationship

88
Q

What is the thought process that narrows in on the single best solution to a problem?

A

Convergent thinking

89
Q

What is the thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems, associated with creativity?

A

Divergent thinking

90
Q

What is the communication of thoughts and feelings by means of symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar?

A

Language

91
Q

What are the 3 properties of language?

A

1) semanticity
2) infinite creativity
3) displacement

92
Q

What is the meaning; the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas?

A

Semanticity

93
Q

What is the capacity to create rather than imitate sentences?

A

Infinite creativity

94
Q

What is the ability to communicate about objects or events in another time or place?

A

Displacement

95
Q

Which psychologist believed that language wasn’t necessary for thinking?

A

Jean Piaget

96
Q

What is considered a higher-order of thinking, involving active control over cognitive processes engaged in learning? THINKING ABOUT THINKING

A

Metacognition

97
Q

What hypothesis states that language structures the way we perceive the world?

A

Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis

98
Q

What does the Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis say about the difference between speakers of different languages?

A

Conceptualize the world in different ways

99
Q

What is the study of how language is acquired, produced & used, and how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning?

A

Psycholinguistics

100
Q

What is the smallest unit of sound in a spoken language?

A

Phonemes

101
Q

What is the smallest unit of meaning in a spoken language?

A

Morphemes

102
Q

What is the arrangement and organization of words to form meaningful sentences?

A

Syntax

103
Q

What is the term for meanings associated with a morpheme or sentence?

A

Semantics

104
Q

What are the ways in which we use language to convey social meaning of spoken language? Synonymous with practical

A

Pragmatics

105
Q

What is the language theory stating that language is learned through imitation and reinforcement?

A

Learning theory & language development

106
Q

What is Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory about language?

A

Proposed that parents serve as models, and children learn language through observation and imitation

107
Q

What does the learning theory and language development not account for?

A

Unchanging, universal sequence of language development

108
Q

Who proposed the theory arguing that we learn language in steps, exactly the same for each country and culture?

A

Noam Chomsky

109
Q

What is the theory involving the Language Acquisition Device, arguing that it is innate in children and allows them to learn language easily, by a biological clock in sequences, proposed by Noam Chomsky?

A

Nativist-Position theory

110
Q

Which approach states that language development involves the interaction of environmental and inborn factors?

A

Nativist Approach

111
Q

What benefits are associated with bilingualism?

A

Cognitive, social and occupational

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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