Chapter 7 - Thinking, Intelligence, & Language Flashcards
What is the underlying ability to understand the world and cope with its challenges?
Intelligence
What do people use language in the process of?
Communicating, thinking, and memory
How do people differ from lower organisms in intelligence?
Capacity for rational thinking
Who originally defined intelligence as an individual’s ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, learn from experience, engage in various forms of reasoning and overcome obstacles by taking thought?
Neisser
What involves paying attention to information, representing at mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgements and decisions about it?
Thinking
What refers to conscious, planned attempt to make sense of them change the world?
Thinking
What is the representation of sensory experiences in our mind?
Imagery
What’s a mental category used to group objects, relations, events, obstructions, or qualities that have common properties?
concept
What is a concept of the category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category?
Prototype
What is a specific example?
Exemplar
How is problem-solving an important aspect of thinking?
We may use trial and error to solve the problem
What approach starts with the solution, unknown condition, and works back through the problem?
Working backwards
How do solutions help us understand the problem?
Using trial and error
What is a systematic procedure for solving a problem; invariably works when correctly applied?
Algorithm
What is an algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules?
Systematic random search
And how do heuristics help us understand the problem?
General rules that help us simplify and solve problems
What is a type of heuristic that has individuals try to solve the problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and goal?
Means-end analysis
What does the use of analogies involve in understanding problems?
Evaluation of partial similarities among things that are otherwise different
What are factors that affect problem-solving?
Expertise, mental set, insight, incubation
What factor does expertise have in problem solving?
Experts are more efficient, strategic, and intuitive problem solvers than novices
What is the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems?
Mental set
What is the sudden perception of relational elements of a problem the permits its solution?
Insight
What involves standing back from a problem for a while to have the solution “suddenly” appear?
Incubation
What is the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage?
Functional fixedness
What involves making judgements about samples on the basis of the population they appear to represent?
Representative heuristic
What is basing estimates of the frequency of event on how easy it is to find examples of the event?
Availability heuristic
What involves using a presumption is a cognitive anchor for subssequent information?
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
What is the framing effect?
Wording and context in which information is presented
How does overconfidence factor into decision making?
We are overconfident of our decisions, even if they are incorrect
What percentage of our IQ scores does heritability affect in children and adolescents?
50%
What percentage of heritability accounts for IQ scores in adults?
60-80%
How have psychologists discovered the difference in factors from heredity or environment effecting our intelligence and personality?
Through studying twins
What is the term for twins with 1 egg/sperm that divides?
Identical twins/monozygotic twins
What is the term for twins with two eggs and two sperms?
Fraternal twins/dizygotic twins
What series propose that intelligence is made up of a number of mental abilities?
Factor theories
What was Charles Spearman’s contribution to theories of intelligence?
He distinguish between factors G (general intelligence) & S (specific abilities)
What was Charles Spearman’s theory about cognitive test scores?
They reflect a single general factor (g-factor)
What was Spearman’s term for a general intellectual ability the underlies all mental operations to some degree?
G-factor (general ability)
Which psychologist believe the individuals who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well?
Charles Spearman
Which psychologist is responsible for the standardized mean and standard deviation of IQ scores?
Louis L. Thurstone
Which psychologist suggested the presence of nine specific factors, called primary mental abilities?
Louis L. Thurstone
What are the basic abilities that make up intelligence, discovered by Louis Thurstone?
Primary mental abilities
What are the seven mental abilities on which Louis Thurstone built tests?
1) verbal comprehension
2) numerical ability
3) spatial relations
4) perceptual speed
5) word fluency
6) memory
7) reasoning
Who proposed that 3 dimensions were necessary for accurate description of intelligence?
Joy P. Guilford
What are the 3 dimensions necessary to characterize intelligence proposed by Joy P. Guilford?
1) mental operations
2) content
3) productions
Who made the important distinction between convergent and divergent production?
Joy P. Guilford
When looking at the structure of the intellect, what are the processes that include thinking, memory and evaluation?
Mental operations
When looking at Guilford’s dimensions of the intellect, which dimension is the outcomes of mental operations?
Products
When looking at Guilford’s dimensions of intellect, which dimension includes what is being thought about, and can be visible, auditory, figural, symbolic, semantic or behavioural?
Content
Which psychologist proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner
Which field did Howard Gardner receive most criticism from regarding his theory of multiple intelligences?
Psychometrics
What is Howard Gardner’s most famous work?
His book, Frames of Mind, which details 7 dimensions of intelligence
What are the 7 intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner?
1) linguistic
2) logical/mathematical intelligence
3) spatial intelligence
4) body kinesthetic intelligence
5) musical intelligence
6) interpersonal intelligence
7) intrapersonal intelligence
What is Gardner’s eighth dimension of intelligence?
Naturalist intelligence (more in tune with nature) & existentialist intelligence (capacity to tackle deep life questions)
What did the “idiot savant” study by Howard Gardner find?
Condition in which individuals have a mental disability coupled with an unusual talent or ability
Who was the psychologist to take the first groundbreaking theory, a more cognitive approach, against the psychometric approach to intelligence?
Robert J. Sternberg
Which psychologist suggested as a definition of intelligence, that it is how well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout the lifespan?
Robert J. Sternberg
What is a mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection in shaping of, real world environments-relevant to one’s life?
Intelligence
What is the triarchic theory of intelligence proposed by Robert J. Sternberg?
3 types of intelligence:
1) componential
2) experiential
3) contextual
What is simply ones academic ability measured my information processing strategies, in light of the Triarchic theory of intelligence?
Componential
Which dimension of Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence includes metacognition?
Componential
Which dimension of Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence involves the creative transfer of abilities across situations-adaptability?
Experiential
What dimension of Sternberg’s theory suggests that intelligence includes one’s ability to utilize “street-smarts” - “natural giftedness”?
Contextual
What are two of the most widely used intelligence tests?
1) Stanford-Binet intelligence scale
2) Wechsler scales
Who assumed that intelligence increases with age?
Binet
Which psychologist publish the first modern intelligence test?
Albert Binet
What was Binet’s principal goal in creating the first modern intelligence test?
Identify students who need a special help and coping with the school curriculums
Initially, what was Binet’s intelligence test a measurement of?
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 to get a %
What was wrong with the Stanford- Binet intelligence formula at first?
Measured a child’s intellectual level of functioning but didn’t account for maturity once reached
What is an intelligence quotient?
A ratio obtained by dividing a child score, or mental age, on an intelligence test by chronological age
What is the accumulated months of credit to the person earns on the SBIS?
Mental age
What does the Stanford- Binet intelligence scale measure?
A child’s intellectual level of functioning
What do the scales created by David Wechsler measure?
Where children and adults are at scholastically
Which intelligence scale groups test questions into a number of separate subtests, that measure different intellectual tasks?
Wechsler intelligence scale
Where are group test, intelligence test administered to large groups of people at a time, often used in?
Schools and the military
What are the Socioeconomic and ethnic differences in intellectual functioning?
Difference in IQ scores is due to socioeconomic status, Cultural attitudes toward education, culturally biased test questions
What do most researchers agree that intelligence is the result of?
1) Nature (genetic influences)
2) nurture (environmental influences)
What is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to genetic factors?
Heritability
What is the link to High IQ scores in children in the home environment?
Engaged parents and enriched home environment = high IQ scores in children
What is the link between education and high IQ scores?
Quality school programs = higher IQ scores
What is the theory popularized by Daniel Goleman that social and emotional skills are a form of intelligence?
Emotional intelligence
What two of Howard Gardner’s intelligences does emotional intelligence resemble?
Interpersonal skills and intra- personal skills
What are the two components of emotional intelligence?
1) Intrapersonal skills
2) interpersonal skills
What are intra-personal skills?
Ability to manage one’s own emotions
What is empathy, or the ability to perceive, understand, and relate to the emotions of others attributed to?
Interpersonal skills
What is the ability to generate new and original, useful, appropriate, invaluable ideas or solutions to problems?
Creativity
What is the relationship between measures of creativity and scores on standard intelligence test?
Moderate relationship
What is the thought process that narrows in on the single best solution to a problem?
Convergent thinking
What is the thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems, associated with creativity?
Divergent thinking
What is the communication of thoughts and feelings by means of symbols that are arranged according to rules of grammar?
Language
What are the 3 properties of language?
1) semanticity
2) infinite creativity
3) displacement
What is the meaning; the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas?
Semanticity
What is the capacity to create rather than imitate sentences?
Infinite creativity
What is the ability to communicate about objects or events in another time or place?
Displacement
Which psychologist believed that language wasn’t necessary for thinking?
Jean Piaget
What is considered a higher-order of thinking, involving active control over cognitive processes engaged in learning? THINKING ABOUT THINKING
Metacognition
What hypothesis states that language structures the way we perceive the world?
Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis
What does the Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis say about the difference between speakers of different languages?
Conceptualize the world in different ways
What is the study of how language is acquired, produced & used, and how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning?
Psycholinguistics
What is the smallest unit of sound in a spoken language?
Phonemes
What is the smallest unit of meaning in a spoken language?
Morphemes
What is the arrangement and organization of words to form meaningful sentences?
Syntax
What is the term for meanings associated with a morpheme or sentence?
Semantics
What are the ways in which we use language to convey social meaning of spoken language? Synonymous with practical
Pragmatics
What is the language theory stating that language is learned through imitation and reinforcement?
Learning theory & language development
What is Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory about language?
Proposed that parents serve as models, and children learn language through observation and imitation
What does the learning theory and language development not account for?
Unchanging, universal sequence of language development
Who proposed the theory arguing that we learn language in steps, exactly the same for each country and culture?
Noam Chomsky
What is the theory involving the Language Acquisition Device, arguing that it is innate in children and allows them to learn language easily, by a biological clock in sequences, proposed by Noam Chomsky?
Nativist-Position theory
Which approach states that language development involves the interaction of environmental and inborn factors?
Nativist Approach
What benefits are associated with bilingualism?
Cognitive, social and occupational
