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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 3 - Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stimulation of sensory receptors in the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What is the process by which Sunsations are organized into an inner representation of the world?

A

Perception

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3
Q

Who proposed the term for the minimal amount of energy that can produce association as a measure of a sensation, known as absolute threshold?

A

Gustav Fechner

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4
Q

What is defined as the weakest stimulus they can activate the sensory system 50% of the time?

A

Absolute threshold

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5
Q

What is the perception that occurs below conscious awareness for a signal that is below the absolute threshold?

A

Subliminal perception

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6
Q

What perception may subtly influence an individual’s attitude?

A

Subliminal perception

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7
Q

What is the minimum difference in intensity require between two stimuli to be perceived as being different?

A

Difference threshold

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8
Q

What is the fraction of the intensity by which stimuli must be increased/decreased to be able to be perceived as different stimuli?

A

Weber’s constant

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9
Q

What is weber’s constant for intensity of light?

A

2%

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10
Q

What is known as “just noticeable difference”?

A

Weber’s constant

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11
Q

What is the signal detection theory?

A

The perception of sensory stimuli is an interaction of physical, biological and psychological factors

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12
Q

What does perception depend on in an individual?

A

Training/learning, motivation, alertness, interest, and experience

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13
Q

What are featured detectors in the brain?

A

Specialized neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensory information

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14
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Process by which organisms respond to the magnitude of incoming stimuli

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15
Q

What occurs when we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude?

A

Sensitization or positive adaptation

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16
Q

What occurs when we become less sensitive to stimuli that remain the same?

A

Desensitization or negative adaptation

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17
Q

What makes up 80% of the world around us?

A

Vision

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18
Q

What is visible light?

A

Part of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy that’s detectible to the human eye

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19
Q

What is the colour of light is determined by its wavelength?

A

Hue

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20
Q

What part of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy is not visible to humans?

A

X-rays and ultraviolet rays

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21
Q

Where does light enter the eye through?

A

Cornea

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22
Q

What is a muscular membrane regulating the amount of light by constricting/dilating?

A

Iris

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23
Q

What is the opening of the Iris?

A

Pupil

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24
Q

What is behind the Iris, focusing the image on the retina?

A

Lens

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25
Q

What is the photosensitive inner surface of the eye, with specialized receptors - rods and cones?

A

Retina

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26
Q

What are neurons to conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells?

A

Bipolar cells

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27
Q

What are ganglion cells?

A

Neurons whose axons form the optic nerve

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28
Q

What is a nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain?

A

Optic nerve

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29
Q

What are the rod shaped photo receptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light, providing vision in black and white and denture on the periphery of the fovea?

A

Rods

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30
Q

Who has more rods, men or women?

A

Men

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31
Q

What are cones?

A

Cone-shaped photo receptors that transmit sensations of and visual acuity
- most densely packed at the fovea

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32
Q

What is an area near the centre of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute?

A

Fovea

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33
Q

Which photo receptor is throughout the fovea?

A

Rods

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34
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

Area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve

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35
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

Sharpness of vision

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36
Q

What is the term for being able to see things up close?

A

Near sighted

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37
Q

What is the process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones?

A

Dark adaptation

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38
Q

How long does it take for rods and cones to adapt to the dark?

A

About 10 minutes for cones and up to 45 for rods

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39
Q

What is the process of adjusting to bright light?

A

Light adaptation

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40
Q

How long does it take to adapt to the light?

A

About one minute. It floods retina with too much data and Iris is trying to catch up

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41
Q

What are the perceptual dimensions of color?

A

Hue, value, saturation

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42
Q

What is the definition of value?

A

Degree of lightness or darkness

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43
Q

What is the definition of saturation?

A

How intense a colour appears to us

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44
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A

Colour vision is made possible by three cones that are sensitive to either red, green or blue

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45
Q

What is the opponent-process theory?

A

Colour vision is made possible by three cones/color receptors:
red-green
blue-yellow
light-dark
The brain integrates input from all three to perceive colours

46
Q

What is a trichromat defined as?

A

A person with normal colour vision

47
Q

What is it Monochromat defined as?

A

Fully color blind, has vision in black and white

48
Q

What is a dichromat defined as?

A

Person with partial color blindness, can discriminate between two colours
- more common in males

49
Q

What is visual perception?

A

Process by which we organize/make sense of the sensory impressions caused by our knowledge, expectations and motivations

50
Q

What do Gestalt psychologists note about perceptual organization?

A

certain consistencies/rules in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes - called the laws of perceptual organization

51
Q

What allows us to separate the object of interest and the background?

A

Figure-ground perception

52
Q

What are gestalt rules for organization?

A

Closure, proximity/nearness, similarity, continuity and common fate

53
Q

What is the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole?

A

Closure?

54
Q

What is the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another?

A

Proximity/nearness

55
Q

What is the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance?

A

Similarity

56
Q

What is the tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity?

A

Continuity

57
Q

What is the tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together?

A

Common fate

58
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

Use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern (perception of whole followed by perception of parts)

59
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Organization of parts of a pattern to recognize the pattern they compose (perception of parts leads to perception of whole)

60
Q

What is the visual perception of motion is based on a change of position relative to other objects?

A

Perception of motion

61
Q

What are sensations that give rise to misperceptions?

A

Illusions

62
Q

What is the perception of motion generated by a series of stationary images presented in rapid succession?

A

Stroboscopic motion (1st motion pictures)

63
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

Stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one “mono” eye

64
Q

What are the different Monocular cues?

A

Perspective, size constantly, overlapping, shadows, Textra gradient, motion parallax

65
Q

What are stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes?

A

Binocular cues

66
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Cue to depth perception based on the difference between the images cast on the retina by each eye as the object moves closer or farther away

67
Q

What is the cue to depth perception based on the inward motion of eyes as an object moves closer?

A

Convergence

68
Q

What are the perceptual Constancies?

A

Size constancy, color constancy, brightness constancy, shape constancy

69
Q

What is the purpose of perceptual constancies?

A

Enable us to recognize objects even when their apparent shape or size differs

70
Q

What occur when the principles of perception cause us to interpret visual input incorrectly?

A

Visual illusions

71
Q

What is the failure to notice things around us because our attention is focused elsewhere?

A

Inattentional blindness

72
Q

What is change blindness?

A

Failure to notice changes around us, even when we are looking right at them

73
Q

What is the ventral stream?

A

Creates mental representation or perceptions of everything we see

74
Q

What is the dorsal stream?

A

Informs our muscles on how to act toward objects in our world

75
Q

How does sound travel?

A

Waves

76
Q

What kind of medium does a sound wave require?

A

Air or water

77
Q

What is the sensitivity of a human ear to sound waves?

A

Broad range of sensitivity, 20 to 20,000 waves or cycles per second

78
Q

What is pitch measured as?

A

Frequency

79
Q

How is loudness measured?

A

Amplitude of sound waves do you

80
Q

What is the unit expressing the loudness of a sound?

A

Decibel

81
Q

What is the ear shaped and structured to do?

A

Capture sound waves, vibrate and sympathy with them, transmit auditory information to the brain

82
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

83
Q

Which part of the ear funnels sound waves to the eardrum, which transmit sound waves to the middle and inner ears?

A

Outer ear

84
Q

What part of the ear consists of the eardrum and three tiny bones?

A

Middle ear

85
Q

Which part of the ear acts as an amplifier?

A

Middle ear

86
Q

Where is the cochlea?

A

Inner ear

87
Q

What is the membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea?

A

Basilar membrane

88
Q

What is the receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane?

A

Organ of Corti

89
Q

What is the command post of hearing?

A

Organ of Corti

90
Q

What does the relative loudness of the sound in each ear provide?

A

Directional information

91
Q

What is the perception of loudness and pitch related to?

A

Number of receptor neurons in the organ of Corti

92
Q

What is the place theory?

A

Pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to the sound

93
Q

What is the frequency theory?

A

Pitch of a sound is reflected in the frequency of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound

94
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

Damage to structures of middle ear

95
Q

What is sensoneurinal deafness?

A

Damage to inner ear or auditory nerve

96
Q

What is the flavour of food based on?

A

Odour, texture and temperature

97
Q

What is the other name for taste?

A

Gustation

98
Q

How many taste buds do humans have?

A

About 10,000

99
Q

What does perceived flavour depend on?

A

Odor, texture, temperature and taste

100
Q

What is a person who experiences taste sensation more intensely, due to having a greater amount of taste buds

A

Supertaster

101
Q

What is a non-taster?

A

Person who experiences little to no taste sensation of a particular type

102
Q

What are the skin senses?

A

Touch, pressure, temperature and pain

103
Q

Where are temperature receptors located?

A

Just beneath the skin

104
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Sensory neurons found in the skin, joints and some organs that respond to damaging stimuli

105
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Chemicals that facilitate the transmission of pain signals to the brain

106
Q

Why is the perception of pain subjective?

A

Our emotional and psychological states affect how we feel pain

107
Q

What does the Gate-control theory propose?

A

Nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time (rubbing knee after stubbing toe transmits sensations to brain that compete for attention of neurons)

108
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

Pain can be felt in the missing limbs (have undergone reorganization of motor and somatosensory cortex consistent with pain)

109
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

Sense that informs us about the position and motion of parts of our body

110
Q

What is the sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies positions in space and relative to gravity?

A

Vestibular sense

111
Q

What are forms of extra sensory perception?

A

Pre-cognition, psychokinesis, telepathy, clairvoyance

112
Q

What do psychologists believe about perception through means other than sensory organs (ESP)?

A

No rigorous scientific research has generated evidence (only anecdotal experiences from individuals)

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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