Chapter 13 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What defines a psychological disorder?
Patterns of behavior or mental processes connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning
What is the flat affect?
Severe reduction in emotional expressiveness or a faulty perception of reality
What is a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality?
Hallucination
What is an inaccurate belief of being victimized or persecuted?
Idea of persecution
Why are there concerns about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5?
Categories are determined by a consensus of esteemed psychiatrists rather than empirical evidence
What does the DSM-5 include?
- symptomology
- typical age of onset
- predispositions
- prognoses
- prevalence in the population
What is the percentage of Canadians that will meet the criteria for a DSM-5 disorder in their lifetime?
50%
How many Canadian are affected with Seasonal Affective Disorder each year?
1 million
What is SAD associated with?
Diminished sunlight hours (low vitamin D). Relieved with light treatment or going to the sun
What is a serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing?
Major Depressive Disorder
What is a condition in which one’s mood alternates between two extreme poles, mania and depression?
Bipolar disorder
Do external events effect the cycle of the two moods in bipolar disorder?
No
Which stage of bipolar shows excessive excitement?
Manic
Which stage is comparable to characteristics of MDD, including elevated risk of suicide?
Depression
When do neurodevelopmental disorders first appear?
Childhood
What are two neurodevelopmental disorders?
1) autism spectrum disorder
2) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
What are two primary criteria for Autism spectrum disorder?
1) impaired social interaction
2) restrictive and repetitive behavior
What percentage of the population is diagnosed with autism?
1%
With disorder is the inability to focus one’s attention?
ADHD
What percentage of kids and adults are diagnosed with ADHD?
5% children and 2.5% adults
What is a psychological symptom of anxiety?
Worrying, fear of worst-case scenario, nervousness and inability to relax
What is a physical symptom of anxiety?
Arousal of sympathetic branch or sympathetic nervous system
What is the persistent fear of a specific object or situation?
Specific phobia
What is the fear of tight, small spaces?
Claustrophobia
What is the fear of high places?
Acrophobia
What is the irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny?
Social phobia
What is the fear of open and crowded places?
Agorophobia
What is the recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety?
Panic disorder
What is the persistent free-floating anxiety that can’t be attributed to an object, situation or activity?
Generalized anxiety disorder
What are some symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
- motor tension
- autonomic over-arousal
- hypervigilance
With generalized anxiety disorder, how long can feelings of anxiety and sympathetic arousal be present for?
At least 6 months
What are enduring patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, inflexible and interfere with normal daily functioning?
Personality disorders
What is a personality disorder marked by an unwillingness to enter relationships without the assurance of acceptance?
Avoidant
What is a personality disorder with a disregard for rights and feelings of others, manipulative, impulsive, selfish, aggressive, irresponsible, reckless, willing to break laws for personal gain?
Antisocial
What personality disorder fits 2-3% of Canadiansc including convicted mass murderers?
Antisocial
What personality disorder is characterized by instability in mood, behavior, self-image, and social relationships?
Borderline
What personality disorder leaves people with difficulty with interpersonal relationships due to their rigid perfectionism and inflexibility?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
What are recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control?
Obsessions
What are thoughts or behaviours that tend to reduce the anxiety connected with compulsions?
Compulsions
What is a disorder that compels individuals to amass large quantities of items and experience anxiety at the prospect of discarding them?
Hoarding disorder
What is a somatoform disorder marked by preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated personal physical effect?
Body dysmorphic disorder
What disorders arise when people complain of physical problems even though no physical abnormality can be found?
Somatoform disorder
What is a somatoform disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are converted into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping people cope with anxiety or conflict?
Conversion disorder
What disorder may include blindness or paralysis, not intentionally produced or fake?
Conversion disorder
What is an effect of conversion disorder that can cause some people to be indifferent to their symptoms?
La belle Indifference
What is a somatoform disorder characterized by persistent belief that one is ill despite lack of medical findings?
Hypochondriasis
What disorders involve sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity?
Dissociative disorders
What disorder is marked by loss of memory or self-identity that can’t be attributed to a biological problem?
Dissociative disorder
What is the loss of memory and self-identity that involves travel to another place?
Dissociative fugue
What is the disorder in which the person experiences detachment from his or her self and surroundings?
Depersonalization/derealization
What disorders causes an individual’s surroundings to seem foggy, lifeless, colourless and empty?
Derealization
What is a disorder in which a person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that alternately emerge?
Dissociative identity disorder
Which disorder was formerly known as multiple personality disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder
Which personality disorder causes individuals to seek attention and approval, be overly dramatic and self-centered, shallow and craving excitement?
Histrionic
What personality disorder is characterized by efforts to build up self-worth through attention seeking and approval from others?
Narcissistic personality disorder
What is characterized by highly suspicious, untrusting, guarded, hypersensitive, easily slighted, lacking in emotion, holding grudges?
Paranoid
What is a personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behaviour, but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviours?
Schizotypal personality disorder
Which personality disorder is similar to schizophrenia?
Schizotypal
What is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and loss of contact with reality?
Schizophrenia
What is a false, persistent belief that is unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence?
Delusion
What is feeling or emotional response, particularly as suggested by facial expression and body language?
Affect
When do symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear and how long do they continue?
Adolescence and continue throughout life
What are some presentations of schizophrenia?
- cognitions
- verbal comprehension
- sensory perception
- attention
- motor activity
- mood
- social functioning
In schizophrenia, what is the difference between positive and negative symptoms?
Positive = how THEY experience life Negative = how WE tend to see it
What is a type of schizophrenia characterized by extreme stillness or stupor, and periods of agitation and excitement?
Catatonic schizophrenia
What is a type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur or persecution?
Paranoid schizophrenia
What is the most serious type of schizophrenia?
Disorganized schizophrenia
What is a catch all category of schizophrenia?
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
What do genetics say about parents and schizophrenia?
No evidence to point a finger of blame at either parent for schizophrenia
What are possible contributing factors to schizophrenia?
- Maternal diabetes
- father’s advanced age
- prenatal stress, infection and malnutrition
- complications during pregnancy and birth
- birth during winter
What do effective drugs in reducing schizophrenic symptoms usually block?
Dopamine
Where does most dopamine activity usually occur, affecting human emotion?
Limbic system
What is the diathesis stress model?
People with a predisposition toward a disorder may develop it if they are subjected to environmental stress
Which gender is schizophrenia more likely to occur in?
Men
How does schizophrenia affect the brain?
Reduced frontal lobe activity, volume of brain structures and poor communication between hemispheres
How do learning theorists explain schizophrenia?
Conditioning and social setting (bizarre behaviours unwittingly reinforced)
What is the sociocultural perspective on schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is more common around lower statused individuals, but low socioeconomic status may be a result rather than a cause
What is the biopsychosocial perspective of schizophrenia?
Biological, psychological and sociocultural factors all play a role in the development of schizophrenia
What do the biological perspectives of schizophrenia focus on?
Brain abnormalities
Where is the highest percentage of individuals with MDD?
Manitoba
Where is the lowest percentage of individuals with MDD?
Prince Edward Island
What do biological perspectives say about mood disorders?
Certain heritable personality traits are associated with depression
What is a personality trait characterized by persistent anxiety?
Neuroticism
How are genetic factors responsible for bipolar disorder?
Individuals with depression have underutilized serotonin
What do psychological perspectives say about mood disorders?
Individuals with external locus of control, learned helplessness, and cognitive factor perfectionism have higher propensity toward depression
What does the biopsychosocial perspective say about mood disorders?
Interactions between biological, situational and psychological factors contribute to the development of mood disorders
What are biological and environmental causes correlating with autism?
1) increased age of parents
2) complication during pregnancy or delivery
What are explanations about ADHD?
Twin studies suggest genetic determinants, imaging studies show smaller frontal lobes and mother’s smoking during pregnancy has been linked
How is OCD explained?
It is inherited
Imbalances in which hormones are linked to OCD?
Serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline
What two dysfunctional neurological circuits are found in OCD?
Frontal cortex and modulatory control
What percentage of variation for hoarding is accounted for by genes?
36%
What is body dysmorphic disorder related to?
Abnormalities in serotonin, dopamine, and frontal cortex structures and unrealistic standards of beauty and athleticism
How do biological factors play into antisocial behaviour?
Less grey matter in prefrontal cortex
What do learning theorists say about antisocial behavior?
Certain childhood experiences contribute to their maladaptive ways or relating to others in adulthood
What do cognitive psychologists say about antisocial disorder?
Antisocial adolescents miscode social information
How do sociocultural factors play into borderline disorder?
Borderline may develop as a result of living in a fragmented society
How do biological perspectives explain anxiety?
Genetic factors (anxiety runs in families)
Low levels of glutamate and GABA in anxiety
Faulty serotonin and norepinephrine in panic disorder
What is the psychological and social perspectives of anxiety disorders?
Behaviourists consider phobias to be conditioned fears acquired in childhood
Social-cognitive theorists believe that social factors (observational learning) contribute to development of phobias
What is the biopsychosocial perspective of anxiety disorders?
Biological imbalances might trigger a panic attack and the psychological experience of fear and the social setting in which panic attack occurs may impact the disorder
What perspective best explains somatoform disorders?
Biopsychosocial
How are somatoform disorders explained by the biopsychosocial disorders?
People focus on the body instead of what is really troubling them
How do learning and cognitive psychologists explain dissociate disorders?
People with these disorders are attempting to keep bad memories out of mind
What is the most common reason for suicide?
Escape feelings of depression, hopelessness and helplessness
What percentage of Canadians consider suicide in any given year?
3.7%
How many Canadians commit suicide every year?
3700
What is the second-leading cause of death among Canadian adolescents?
Suicide
What is the difference in statistics between men and women in suicide rates?
Men are 3x more likely to end their life this way
What are risk factors for suicidal adolescents?
Confusion, impulsiveness, emotional instability, interpersonal problems
When are men at the highest risk for suicide?
85 years old
