Chapter 4 - Consciousness Flashcards
How did Sigmund Freud differentiate consciousness?
Conscious - aware of @ present
Preconscious - memories
Unconscious - not aware of but influenced by
What did Williams James say about consciousness?
Nature of consciousness is influenced by attention we give to specific issues
What is consciousness?
Our awareness of our external and internal environments at any given moment
What emphasizes how her senses enable us to be conscious of an object or situation?
Sensory awareness
What occurs when focusing one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus of importance?
Selective attention
What is the cocktail party effect?
Attending selectively to a stimulus when several stimuli are available
What is direct inner awareness?
Knowledge of one’s own thoughts, feelings and memories
What is repression?
Unconscious ejection of anxiety-provoking ideas
What is suppression?
Conscious ejection of unwanted mental events
What is the non-conscious?
Bodily processes that cannot be experienced through sensory awareness
How much of their lives do adults spend sleeping?
1/3
What are the functions of sleep?
- Rejuvenate the body
- maintain optimal cognitive functioning
- recover from stress
- consolidate learning
- promote development of infants’ brains
How often do our bodily functions cycle?
24 hours
What is the biological cycle connected with the 24-hour period or the earth’s rotation?
Circadian rhythm
What does the circadian rhythm regulate?
Wakefulness, sleep, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, hormonal secretions, alertness and memory
What effect do environmental cues have on circadian rhythm?
Circadian rhythms persist despite them
What is suprachiamatic nucleus?
Tiny structure in the brain’s hypothalamus that controls the timing of circadian rhythms
What does the hypothalamus gland?
Controls the pituitary gland
What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate?
Hunger & thirst, sexual behaviour, body temperature, body rhythms, emotional behavior, biological clock
What can cause issues in arising?
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
What can produce memory deficits?
Jet lag
What is a subjective night?
Time during a 24-hour period when a person’s body temperature is lowest and their biological clock tells them to go to sleep
What is the circadian cycle sensitive to?
Light
What is the hormone signaling the body to slow down and sleep or speed up and be awake?
Melatonin
What are the sleep stages distinguished by?
Different brain waves
What measures brain waves?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
What are high frequency waves associated with?
Wakefulness
What happens to brain waves as you relax and move deeper into sleep?
Frequency decreases and amplitude increases
What are low amplitude brain waves?
Alpha waves
What are the 5 stages of sleep?
Stages 1-4 - non rapid eye movement sleep
Stage 5 - rapid eye movement
What happens in stage 1 of sleep?
Light sleep - lasts 30-40 minutes - brain waves slow down from alpha to theta waves
What happens in stage 2 of sleep?
Sleep spindles, brief bursts of brain activity
What happens in stage 3 and 4 of sleep?
Deep sleep, delta waves with high amplitude
How many times do we cycle through the 5 stages of sleep during an 8-hour sleep?
5 times
What is REM sleep?
Type of sleep paralysis with awake-like brain waves (paradoxical sleep)
What is paradoxical sleep?
Happens in REM sleep, because brain is wide awake but body is shut off
Which sleep is connected with consolidation of learning and memory?
REM
What happens to REM sleep-deprived individuals?
learn more slowly, forget what they’ve learned sooner, REM rebound
When are dreams most vivid?
During REM sleep
What is the experience of feeling awake while in a dream and being able to control dream content?
Lucid dreaming
What is a method of processing events of day?
Dreams
Who theorized that dreams reflect unconscious wishes and desires?
Sigmund Freud
What 2 types of content did Freud believe dreams consisted of?
Manifest content (what you remember) Latent content (what the dream is actually about)
What is the Activation synthesis model of dreams?
Brain activity occurs during sleep, reticular activating system is activated, we dream of recent events because these memories are most recently active in our minds
How does Age effect the sleep we need?
The older we get the less sleep we need
What percentage of people are larks?
25%
What is an alcoholic really suffering from?
Sleep deprivation
What percentage of people are chronically sleep-deprived?
36%
What can sleep deprivation cause?
Hallucinations
What are four types of sleep disorders?
Nightmares, insomnia, narcolepsy, apnea, sleep terrors, sleepwalking
What is the chronic difficulty and falling asleep, staying asleep, or having a restful sleep?
Insomnia
In any given year in 30 to 40% of adults experience __________
Insomnia
What is asleep attack?
Narcolepsy
What occurs when a person fall asleep suddenly and irresistibly?
Narcolepsy
What is the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body, and is considered a REM sleep disorder?
Sleep paralysis
What is sleep apnea?
Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
What are treatments for sleep apnea?
Weight loss, surgery, and continuous positive airway pressure
What are stage three or four disorders that are more common in children?
Sleep talking, nightmares, sleep tears, sleepwalking, sleep sex (sexsomnia)
What are nightmares?
Frightening dreams during sleep paralysis (REM sleep)
What are terrifying dream-like experiences that occur during the first 2 cycles of the night?
sleep terrors
What is a form of REM behavioural disorder causing people to commit sexual acts while they are asleep?
Sleep sex (sexsomnia)
What is meditation?
Focusing one’s attention on a single point of reference in the present moment
What are effects of meditation?
Achieve an altered state of consciousness, alter one’s relationship with the world, increase ability to cope with stress
What are different forms of meditation?
Yoga, zen, transcendental meditation and mindfulness meditation
What is transcendental meditation?
Focusing on words, sounds or mantras
What is mindfulness meditation?
Involves focusing on the present moment
What is hypnosis?
Focused attention, heightened suggestibility, diminished response to external stimuli and pain control
What are benefits of hypnosis?
Used to relieve pain, anxiety, fear and helps people relax and enhance functioning of immune systems
What is In-Role Theory of hypnosis?
Social-cognitive theory viewing hypnosis as a type of role-play
What do psychoactive drugs alter?
Mood, perception, or thought
What is the most popular drug among youth?
Alcohol
What is the persistent use of a substance even though it’s causing or compounding problems in meeting demands of life?
Substance abuse
What is the loss of control over the use of a substance; biologically speaking, dependence typified by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms or both
Substance dependence
What does the addictive potential of a drug depend on?
1) how quickly effects of drug are felt
2) how pleasurable drug’s effects are
3) how long effects last
4) how much discomfort is experienced when drug is discontinued
What is physiological dependence?
A biological need for a drug
What is the habituation to a drug, resulting in increasingly higher doses needed to achieve similar effects?
Tolerance
What are physical symptoms that result when usage suddenly drops off?
Withdrawal
What is psychological dependence?
An emotional need to use a drug characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as depression or anxiety
What’s the purpose of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders?
Diagnostic classification system to help get you the help you need from the government
What do social-cognitive theory suggest about substance abuse?
Suggest that people often try drugs on the basis of recommendation or the observations of others
What is the genetic predisposition theory on substance abuse?
Proposes that some people may be genetically predisposed toward physiological dependence to certain substances are going to
What are depressants?
Generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system, depressants are often called “downers”
What are commonly used depressants?
Alcohol, opiates and barbiturates
What effects do alcohol have?
Lowers inhibitions, impairs cognitive functioning and impedes coordination
What are narcotics?
Drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep
What are opiates?
Naturally occurring narcotics, derived from opium poppy. Provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system
What are opioids?
Man-made narcotics
What are barbiturates?
Sedatives and tranquilizers used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?
What do high doses of barbiturates resulting?
Drowsiness, motor impairment, slurred speech, irritability, poor judgment, relaxing and produce mild euphoria
What effects do stimulant have?
Increase the activity of the nervous system, make us feel alert and energetic, often called “uppers”
What are positive effects of stimulants?
Stimulate cognitive activity and help people control impulses
What are common stimulants?
Amphetamines, cocaine and nicotine
What are amphetamines?
Drugs that increase energy and alertness by activating the nervous system
What are effects of cocaine?
Produces euphoria, reduces hunger, deadens pain and heightens confidence
What is nicotine?
Stimulant in tobacco smoke that enhances memory, attention, the performance of simple tasks and mood
What is a negative side effect of smoking?
Second hand smoke or sidestream
What are effects of natural and synthetic occurring hallucinogens?
Produce hallucinations, relaxation, euphoria, pleasure and in some cases panic
What are natural hallucinogens?
Cannabis, mescaline, psilocybin
What is cannabis?
THC-and mild hallucinogen that activates pleasure centers. In whiskey/beer
What are effects of mescaline and psilocybin?
Produce vivid and colourful hallucinations
What are synthetic hallucinogens?
LSD, MDMA (ecstasy) , Phencyclidine
Who created LSD?
Dr. Albert Hoffman while trying to make an anaesthetic
What is an effect of LSD?
Produces vivid and colourful hallucination and can stay in system for 25 years
What is the effect of MDMA or ecstasy?
Amplifies pleasurable Sensory data
What is Phencyclidine?
Created to use as a horse tranquilizer and to put horses and cattle down. Produces vivid and colourful hallucinations
