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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 4 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Sigmund Freud differentiate consciousness?

A

Conscious - aware of @ present
Preconscious - memories
Unconscious - not aware of but influenced by

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2
Q

What did Williams James say about consciousness?

A

Nature of consciousness is influenced by attention we give to specific issues

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3
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Our awareness of our external and internal environments at any given moment

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4
Q

What emphasizes how her senses enable us to be conscious of an object or situation?

A

Sensory awareness

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5
Q

What occurs when focusing one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus of importance?

A

Selective attention

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6
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

Attending selectively to a stimulus when several stimuli are available

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7
Q

What is direct inner awareness?

A

Knowledge of one’s own thoughts, feelings and memories

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8
Q

What is repression?

A

Unconscious ejection of anxiety-provoking ideas

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9
Q

What is suppression?

A

Conscious ejection of unwanted mental events

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10
Q

What is the non-conscious?

A

Bodily processes that cannot be experienced through sensory awareness

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11
Q

How much of their lives do adults spend sleeping?

A

1/3

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12
Q

What are the functions of sleep?

A
  • Rejuvenate the body
  • maintain optimal cognitive functioning
  • recover from stress
  • consolidate learning
  • promote development of infants’ brains
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13
Q

How often do our bodily functions cycle?

A

24 hours

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14
Q

What is the biological cycle connected with the 24-hour period or the earth’s rotation?

A

Circadian rhythm

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15
Q

What does the circadian rhythm regulate?

A

Wakefulness, sleep, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, hormonal secretions, alertness and memory

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16
Q

What effect do environmental cues have on circadian rhythm?

A

Circadian rhythms persist despite them

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17
Q

What is suprachiamatic nucleus?

A

Tiny structure in the brain’s hypothalamus that controls the timing of circadian rhythms

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18
Q

What does the hypothalamus gland?

A

Controls the pituitary gland

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19
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate?

A

Hunger & thirst, sexual behaviour, body temperature, body rhythms, emotional behavior, biological clock

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20
Q

What can cause issues in arising?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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21
Q

What can produce memory deficits?

A

Jet lag

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22
Q

What is a subjective night?

A

Time during a 24-hour period when a person’s body temperature is lowest and their biological clock tells them to go to sleep

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23
Q

What is the circadian cycle sensitive to?

A

Light

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24
Q

What is the hormone signaling the body to slow down and sleep or speed up and be awake?

A

Melatonin

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25
Q

What are the sleep stages distinguished by?

A

Different brain waves

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26
Q

What measures brain waves?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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27
Q

What are high frequency waves associated with?

A

Wakefulness

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28
Q

What happens to brain waves as you relax and move deeper into sleep?

A

Frequency decreases and amplitude increases

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29
Q

What are low amplitude brain waves?

A

Alpha waves

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30
Q

What are the 5 stages of sleep?

A

Stages 1-4 - non rapid eye movement sleep

Stage 5 - rapid eye movement

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31
Q

What happens in stage 1 of sleep?

A

Light sleep - lasts 30-40 minutes - brain waves slow down from alpha to theta waves

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32
Q

What happens in stage 2 of sleep?

A

Sleep spindles, brief bursts of brain activity

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33
Q

What happens in stage 3 and 4 of sleep?

A

Deep sleep, delta waves with high amplitude

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34
Q

How many times do we cycle through the 5 stages of sleep during an 8-hour sleep?

A

5 times

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35
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Type of sleep paralysis with awake-like brain waves (paradoxical sleep)

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36
Q

What is paradoxical sleep?

A

Happens in REM sleep, because brain is wide awake but body is shut off

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37
Q

Which sleep is connected with consolidation of learning and memory?

A

REM

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38
Q

What happens to REM sleep-deprived individuals?

A

learn more slowly, forget what they’ve learned sooner, REM rebound

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39
Q

When are dreams most vivid?

A

During REM sleep

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40
Q

What is the experience of feeling awake while in a dream and being able to control dream content?

A

Lucid dreaming

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41
Q

What is a method of processing events of day?

A

Dreams

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42
Q

Who theorized that dreams reflect unconscious wishes and desires?

A

Sigmund Freud

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43
Q

What 2 types of content did Freud believe dreams consisted of?

A 
Manifest content (what you remember) 
Latent content (what the dream is actually about)
44
Q

What is the Activation synthesis model of dreams?

A

Brain activity occurs during sleep, reticular activating system is activated, we dream of recent events because these memories are most recently active in our minds

45
Q

How does Age effect the sleep we need?

A

The older we get the less sleep we need

46
Q

What percentage of people are larks?

A

25%

47
Q

What is an alcoholic really suffering from?

A

Sleep deprivation

48
Q

What percentage of people are chronically sleep-deprived?

A

36%

49
Q

What can sleep deprivation cause?

A

Hallucinations

50
Q

What are four types of sleep disorders?

A

Nightmares, insomnia, narcolepsy, apnea, sleep terrors, sleepwalking

51
Q

What is the chronic difficulty and falling asleep, staying asleep, or having a restful sleep?

A

Insomnia

52
Q

In any given year in 30 to 40% of adults experience __________

A

Insomnia

53
Q

What is asleep attack?

A

Narcolepsy

54
Q

What occurs when a person fall asleep suddenly and irresistibly?

A

Narcolepsy

55
Q

What is the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body, and is considered a REM sleep disorder?

A

Sleep paralysis

56
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

57
Q

What are treatments for sleep apnea?

A

Weight loss, surgery, and continuous positive airway pressure

58
Q

What are stage three or four disorders that are more common in children?

A

Sleep talking, nightmares, sleep tears, sleepwalking, sleep sex (sexsomnia)

59
Q

What are nightmares?

A

Frightening dreams during sleep paralysis (REM sleep)

60
Q

What are terrifying dream-like experiences that occur during the first 2 cycles of the night?

A

sleep terrors

61
Q

What is a form of REM behavioural disorder causing people to commit sexual acts while they are asleep?

A

Sleep sex (sexsomnia)

62
Q

What is meditation?

A

Focusing one’s attention on a single point of reference in the present moment

63
Q

What are effects of meditation?

A

Achieve an altered state of consciousness, alter one’s relationship with the world, increase ability to cope with stress

64
Q

What are different forms of meditation?

A

Yoga, zen, transcendental meditation and mindfulness meditation

65
Q

What is transcendental meditation?

A

Focusing on words, sounds or mantras

66
Q

What is mindfulness meditation?

A

Involves focusing on the present moment

67
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

Focused attention, heightened suggestibility, diminished response to external stimuli and pain control

68
Q

What are benefits of hypnosis?

A

Used to relieve pain, anxiety, fear and helps people relax and enhance functioning of immune systems

69
Q

What is In-Role Theory of hypnosis?

A

Social-cognitive theory viewing hypnosis as a type of role-play

70
Q

What do psychoactive drugs alter?

A

Mood, perception, or thought

71
Q

What is the most popular drug among youth?

A

Alcohol

72
Q

What is the persistent use of a substance even though it’s causing or compounding problems in meeting demands of life?

A

Substance abuse

73
Q

What is the loss of control over the use of a substance; biologically speaking, dependence typified by tolerance, withdrawal symptoms or both

A

Substance dependence

74
Q

What does the addictive potential of a drug depend on?

A

1) how quickly effects of drug are felt
2) how pleasurable drug’s effects are
3) how long effects last
4) how much discomfort is experienced when drug is discontinued

75
Q

What is physiological dependence?

A

A biological need for a drug

76
Q

What is the habituation to a drug, resulting in increasingly higher doses needed to achieve similar effects?

A

Tolerance

77
Q

What are physical symptoms that result when usage suddenly drops off?

A

Withdrawal

78
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

An emotional need to use a drug characterized by withdrawal symptoms such as depression or anxiety

79
Q

What’s the purpose of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders?

A

Diagnostic classification system to help get you the help you need from the government

80
Q

What do social-cognitive theory suggest about substance abuse?

A

Suggest that people often try drugs on the basis of recommendation or the observations of others

81
Q

What is the genetic predisposition theory on substance abuse?

A

Proposes that some people may be genetically predisposed toward physiological dependence to certain substances are going to

82
Q

What are depressants?

A

Generally act by slowing the activity of the central nervous system, depressants are often called “downers”

83
Q

What are commonly used depressants?

A

Alcohol, opiates and barbiturates

84
Q

What effects do alcohol have?

A

Lowers inhibitions, impairs cognitive functioning and impedes coordination

85
Q

What are narcotics?

A

Drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep

86
Q

What are opiates?

A

Naturally occurring narcotics, derived from opium poppy. Provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system

87
Q

What are opioids?

A

Man-made narcotics

88
Q

What are barbiturates?

A

Sedatives and tranquilizers used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep?

89
Q

What do high doses of barbiturates resulting?

A

Drowsiness, motor impairment, slurred speech, irritability, poor judgment, relaxing and produce mild euphoria

90
Q

What effects do stimulant have?

A

Increase the activity of the nervous system, make us feel alert and energetic, often called “uppers”

91
Q

What are positive effects of stimulants?

A

Stimulate cognitive activity and help people control impulses

92
Q

What are common stimulants?

A

Amphetamines, cocaine and nicotine

93
Q

What are amphetamines?

A

Drugs that increase energy and alertness by activating the nervous system

94
Q

What are effects of cocaine?

A

Produces euphoria, reduces hunger, deadens pain and heightens confidence

95
Q

What is nicotine?

A

Stimulant in tobacco smoke that enhances memory, attention, the performance of simple tasks and mood

96
Q

What is a negative side effect of smoking?

A

Second hand smoke or sidestream

97
Q

What are effects of natural and synthetic occurring hallucinogens?

A

Produce hallucinations, relaxation, euphoria, pleasure and in some cases panic

98
Q

What are natural hallucinogens?

A

Cannabis, mescaline, psilocybin

99
Q

What is cannabis?

A

THC-and mild hallucinogen that activates pleasure centers. In whiskey/beer

100
Q

What are effects of mescaline and psilocybin?

A

Produce vivid and colourful hallucinations

101
Q

What are synthetic hallucinogens?

A

LSD, MDMA (ecstasy) , Phencyclidine

102
Q

Who created LSD?

A

Dr. Albert Hoffman while trying to make an anaesthetic

103
Q

What is an effect of LSD?

A

Produces vivid and colourful hallucination and can stay in system for 25 years

104
Q

What is the effect of MDMA or ecstasy?

A

Amplifies pleasurable Sensory data

105
Q

What is Phencyclidine?

A

Created to use as a horse tranquilizer and to put horses and cattle down. Produces vivid and colourful hallucinations

Intro to Psychology (14 decks)

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