Chapter 8 - Development Flashcards
What involves the physical, cognitive, social, emotional and psychological changes that we go through?
Development
Which psychologists study the normal (and abnormal) changes that we go through?
Developmental psychologists
What factors do developmental psychologists take into account?
Genetics (nature) and social interactions (nurture)
What is the study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death?
Developmental psychology
What is the type of study in which researchers compare groups of individuals of different ages with respect to certain characteristics to determine age-related differences?
Cross-sectional study
What are problems associated with cross-sectional studies?
May not represent the general population and can’t predict or generalize accurately to the population
What is a developmental study in which the same group of individuals is followed and measured at different times or different ages?
Longitudinal study
Which type of developmental study has an excellent ability to generalize to a population?
Longitudinal study
What is the biological blueprint that determines and directs the transmission of all hereditary traits?
Genes
What is the most basic building blocks of heredity?
Genes
What is a gene that is expressed in the individual?
Dominant gene
What is a gene that will not be expressed if paired with a dominant gene, but will be expressed if paired with another recessive gene?
Recessive
What are the rod-shaped structures found in the nuclei of body cells, containing all the genes and carrying all hereditary information?
Chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?
23 pairs
What are our 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in all, known as?
Twin Helix
How many single chromosomes are contained in the egg and sperm?
23
How many pairs of chromosomes are responsible for physical and mental traits?
22
How many pairs of chromosomes are responsible for our sex traits?
1
What is a fertilized ovum (egg cell) that travels to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall?
Zygote
Where does fertilization take place?
Fallopian tubes
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
1) Germinal stage
2) embryonic stage
3) fetal stage
What stage of prenatal development happens from conception to implantation, approximately 2 weeks in length?
Germinal stage
What is known as the developmental period from conception until birth, 38 weeks before birth?
Prenatal
What is the stage from implantation until about 8th week of development?
Embryonic stage
What is the stage of prenatal development in which major body structures and organ systems develop?
Embryonic stage
What is the prenatal stage from 9th week until birth?
Fetal stage
What is the prenatal stage of development characterized by maturation and gains in size?
Fetal stage
What is a membrane that permits the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and developing child?
Placenta
Does the placenta allow the maternal and fetal bloodstreams to mix?
NO
What would happen if the maternal and fetal bloodstreams mixed?
The mother’s body would attack the baby is a foreign object, causing abortion
What is a harmful or toxic agent - such as a disease, drug, chemical, or radiation?
Teratogen
What did the effects of teratogens depend on?
Initiation, intensity, and frequency of use
When are teratogens most harmful to the fetus?
Critical periods of development
What is a period that is so important to development that a harmful, environmental influence has lasting consequences to the development of the fetus?
Critical period
What are harmful or toxic agents that can pass through the placenta barrier?
Teratogens
What is the syndrome caused by drinking during pregnancy, and 100% preventable?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
What are some developmental abnormalities that a child may display who experiences fetal alcohol syndrome?
Retarded mental development, abnormally small head, wide-set eyes, short nose, behavioural abnormalities, inability to learn from mistakes
What do you some researchers contend about the increase in stats of ADHD?
Perhaps there is no increase in stats but clinicians are simply applying a convenient label
What are twins with exactly the same genes, who develop after one egg is fertilized by one sperm, and the zygote splits into two parts?
Identical Twins (monozygotic)
Is physical development lifelong?
YES
What is the stage of development that is initial growth?
Cephalocaudal
What pattern of growth does cephalocaudal development have?
Head down (head grows first)
What is the more mature growth stage of development?
Proximodistal
What growth do we experience during proximodistal development?
Core out - organs grow before extremities
What happens to infants weight at 5 months?
Weight doubles
How old are infants when their weight triples?
1 year old
How many kg do infants gain during their second year?
2-3 kg
What are some of the reflexes (automatic, unlearned responses) that newborns have?
Rooting, sucking, withdrawal, Moro, grasping, babinski
What do pediatricians test to assess babies’ neural functioning?
Reflexes
What two influences guide physical development?
Genetic and environmental
How long does it take infants to track a moving light?
A couple days
How long does it take infants to discriminate colours?
3 months
What is a newborn’s vision like?
Nearsighted, but can see distant objects by 4 months
When do infants show a preference for the human face?
2 months
What sense exists before birth?
Hearing
What is a prelinguistic event?
Crying
How do infants begin to show pleasure in their second month?
Cooing
When do children begin to babble?
5-6 months
When is a child’s first word uttered?
Around 1st birthday
How many words are infants producing by 18 months?
24 words