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myLATG > Chapter 9 Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

four kinds of nucleotides in DNA

A 
The four bases are:
adenine (A),
guanine (G),
cytosine (C), and
thymine (T).
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2
Q

Where does replication take place?

a. In the nucleus
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the lysosomes
d. In the ribosomes

A

a. In the nucleus

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3
Q

backbone of DNA

A

arrangement of –phosphate group–sugar–phosphate group–sugar–

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4
Q

electrophoresis

A

DNA is applied onto a gel to which an electric current is applied. The DNA fragments migrate and separate according to their size and electrical charge. A stain is used to visualize the DNA fragments, which show as bands of colored material on the gel

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5
Q

what type of RNA carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the rest of the cell?

A

messenger RNA

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6
Q

translation

A

he second step is translation, which is the process of messenger RNA (mRNA) being translated into amino acids of a protein; this is protein synthesis.

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7
Q

rungs of DNA

A

The nitrogenous bases form the rungs of the ladder, with the base of the nucleotide on one strand forming a bond with the base of the nucleotide of the other strand

bases are held together by weaker hydrogen bonding

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8
Q

About how many genes in a human or mouse diploid cell?

A

30,000

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9
Q

Haploid cells

A

These cells have single chromosomes that are not paired. The only haploid cells are the ovum (found in the ovaries) and spermatid (found in the testes)

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10
Q

Which statement is true about the phosphate group in DNA?

a. Phosphate is attached to the base.
b. Phosphate forms the bond between the base pairs.
c. Phosphate is attached to the sugar to form the backbone of the molecule.
d. Phosphate is only present during replication.

A

c. Phosphate is attached to the sugar to form the backbone of the molecule.

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11
Q

Which of the following procedures determines the level of mRNA transcripts in a sample?

a. Western blot
b. Electrophoresis
c. Quantitative RT-PCR
d. Eastern blot

A

c. Quantitative RT-PCR

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12
Q

polymer

A

composed of a series of chemical subunits linked together

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13
Q

the process by which mRNA genetic information is used to synthesize proteins is called….

A

translation

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14
Q

Which of the following are the weakest bonds in DNA?

a. Sugar-phosphate
b. Sugar-base
c. Base-base
d. All bonds have the same strength.

A

. c. Base-base

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15
Q

post-translational modification

A

proteins are often synthesized as inactive precursors that must undergo additional steps before they become active and can fulfill their role in the cell

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16
Q

in which cells of the body are chromosomes not arranged in pairs?

A

germ cells (ova and sperm), also called haploid cells

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17
Q

Which statement best describes diploid cells?

a. The cells always exist in pairs.
b. The cells contain two nuclei.
c. Their chromosomes exist in pairs.
d. Diploid cells are the germ cells.

A

c. Their chromosomes exist in pairs.

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18
Q

What does “cloning DNA” mean?

a. Cutting DNA into segments
b. Making copies of DNA segments
c. Separating DNA fragments
d. Recombining DNA fragments

A

b. Making copies of DNA segments

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19
Q

Which of the following base pairs is found in DNA?

a. A-A
b. A-G
c. A-C
d. A-T

A

d. A-T

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20
Q

Where does transcription take place?

a. In the lysosomes
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the nucleus
d. In the ribosomes

A

c. In the nucleus

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21
Q

complementary pairing

A

adenine will bond only with thymine (A–T), and cytosine will bond only with guanine (C–G)

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22
Q

what process is used ot produce multiple, exact copies of a gene?

A

cloning

23
Q

mutation

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

24
Q

Diploid cells

A

These cells have chromosomes that are paired. Diploid cells are commonly known as somatic cells and make up all tissues throughout the body.

25
Q

the process by which the DNA in the chromosomes are duplicated prior to cell division is called….

A

replication

26
Q

What best describes a mutation?

a. A permanent change in the appearance of an animal
b. A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
c. The differences between fraternal twins
d. The suppression of a gene by chemical factors

A

. b. A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

27
Q

Quantitative PCR (qPCR)

A

amplifies these mRNA transcripts and incorporates a fluorophore, allowing differences in the relative abundance of mRNA transcript numbers to be measured.

28
Q

in comparison to DNA, RNA contains this base in place of thymine.

A

uracil

29
Q

Western blot

A

used to detect protein

membrane incubated with an antibody specific to the protein of interest

30
Q

what is the term for a permanent change in a gene’s DNA sequence?

A

mutation

31
Q

Which of the following statements describes complementary pairing in DNA?

a. Each base can only form a bond with another copy of itself in DNA.
b. Each base type can only pair with another specific base in DNA.
c. The bases can only exist as double strands in nucleic acids.
d. Bases form pairs in nonspecific combinations in DNA.

A

b. Each base type can only pair with another specific base in DNA.

32
Q

Electrophoresis is a technique used to___________ the DNA fragments.

a. separate
b. cut
c. clone
d. repair

A

a. separate

33
Q

What carries the cell’s genetic information across the nuclear membrane?

a. mRNA
b. Protein
c. DNA
d. Chromatin

A

a. mRNA

34
Q

restriction enzymes

A

These enzymes bind to DNA at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites

35
Q

how is cloning of DNA accomplished?

A

by either using bacteria or a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

36
Q

Three of the four bases in RNA are identical to those in DNA, which is not?

A

Uracil takes the place of the thymine found in DNA

37
Q

The genetic make-up of an organism is called its __________.

a. Phenotype
b. Genotype
c. Chromosome complement
d. Chromatin

A

b. Genotype

38
Q

both DNA and RNA are found in the nucleus, but which one is usually found in the cytoplasm?

A

RNA

39
Q

meiosis

A

Meiosis is the process of producing germ cells, where the genes mix after the first replication and then divide twice, and creating 4 haploid daughter cells.

40
Q

What cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

a. Nucleus
b. Lysosome
c. Mitochondria
d. Ribosome

A

d. Ribosome

41
Q

Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein synthesis?

a. Mitosis
b. Transcription
c. Translocation
d. Translation

A

d. Translation

42
Q

ribosome

A

protein manufacturing machinery of the cell

43
Q

Molecular biology

A

the study of the formation, structure, and function of the biologically important macromolecules that are found within living cells

44
Q

What sugar is found in the DNA backbone?

a. Glucose
b. Lactose
c. Ribose
d. Deoxyribose

A

d. Deoxyribose

45
Q

name the four bases of DNA.

A

adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)

46
Q

What is the product of translation?

a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Protein
d. Carbohydrate

A

c. Protein

47
Q

When does replication occur in mammalian cells?

a. When the egg and the sperm unite
b. During active protein synthesis
c. Before the cells divide
d. When the cell needs extra energy

A

. c. Before the cells divide.

48
Q

Mitosis

A

process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two identical cells, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells

The word “mitosis” means “threads,”

49
Q

Ribosomes take part in which of the following cellular activities?

a. Replication
b. Translation
c. Transcription
d. Cell division

A

b. Translation

50
Q

Where would you find haploid cells?

a. In an animal’s intestinal lining
b. In the early embryo at the blastocyst stage
c. In brain tissue
d. In the gonads

A

d. In the gonads

51
Q

Collecting DNA process

A

collecting the DNA, purifying it, cutting it into smaller fragments, separating the fragments, making large amounts of the desired fragments, and testing to be sure the isolated fragment contains the desired gene

52
Q

RNA is synthesized in the nucleus by what process?

A

transcription

53
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

amplification technique for producing large quantities of a DNA fragment of interest

54
Q

Transcription

A

the first step of gene expression is transcription in which RNA is made from a DNA template.

ribose-containing nucleotides that form the complementary binding, which is guided by the RNA polymerase to form MRNA

myLATG (21 decks)

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