Chapter 9 Molecular Biology Flashcards
four kinds of nucleotides in DNA
The four bases are: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Where does replication take place?
a. In the nucleus
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the lysosomes
d. In the ribosomes
a. In the nucleus
backbone of DNA
arrangement of –phosphate group–sugar–phosphate group–sugar–
electrophoresis
DNA is applied onto a gel to which an electric current is applied. The DNA fragments migrate and separate according to their size and electrical charge. A stain is used to visualize the DNA fragments, which show as bands of colored material on the gel
what type of RNA carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the rest of the cell?
messenger RNA
translation
he second step is translation, which is the process of messenger RNA (mRNA) being translated into amino acids of a protein; this is protein synthesis.
rungs of DNA
The nitrogenous bases form the rungs of the ladder, with the base of the nucleotide on one strand forming a bond with the base of the nucleotide of the other strand
bases are held together by weaker hydrogen bonding
About how many genes in a human or mouse diploid cell?
30,000
Haploid cells
These cells have single chromosomes that are not paired. The only haploid cells are the ovum (found in the ovaries) and spermatid (found in the testes)
Which statement is true about the phosphate group in DNA?
a. Phosphate is attached to the base.
b. Phosphate forms the bond between the base pairs.
c. Phosphate is attached to the sugar to form the backbone of the molecule.
d. Phosphate is only present during replication.
c. Phosphate is attached to the sugar to form the backbone of the molecule.
Which of the following procedures determines the level of mRNA transcripts in a sample?
a. Western blot
b. Electrophoresis
c. Quantitative RT-PCR
d. Eastern blot
c. Quantitative RT-PCR
polymer
composed of a series of chemical subunits linked together
the process by which mRNA genetic information is used to synthesize proteins is called….
translation
Which of the following are the weakest bonds in DNA?
a. Sugar-phosphate
b. Sugar-base
c. Base-base
d. All bonds have the same strength.
. c. Base-base
post-translational modification
proteins are often synthesized as inactive precursors that must undergo additional steps before they become active and can fulfill their role in the cell
in which cells of the body are chromosomes not arranged in pairs?
germ cells (ova and sperm), also called haploid cells
Which statement best describes diploid cells?
a. The cells always exist in pairs.
b. The cells contain two nuclei.
c. Their chromosomes exist in pairs.
d. Diploid cells are the germ cells.
c. Their chromosomes exist in pairs.
What does “cloning DNA” mean?
a. Cutting DNA into segments
b. Making copies of DNA segments
c. Separating DNA fragments
d. Recombining DNA fragments
b. Making copies of DNA segments
Which of the following base pairs is found in DNA?
a. A-A
b. A-G
c. A-C
d. A-T
d. A-T
Where does transcription take place?
a. In the lysosomes
b. In the cytoplasm
c. In the nucleus
d. In the ribosomes
c. In the nucleus
complementary pairing
adenine will bond only with thymine (A–T), and cytosine will bond only with guanine (C–G)
what process is used ot produce multiple, exact copies of a gene?
cloning
mutation
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
Diploid cells
These cells have chromosomes that are paired. Diploid cells are commonly known as somatic cells and make up all tissues throughout the body.
the process by which the DNA in the chromosomes are duplicated prior to cell division is called….
replication
What best describes a mutation?
a. A permanent change in the appearance of an animal
b. A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene
c. The differences between fraternal twins
d. The suppression of a gene by chemical factors
. b. A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
amplifies these mRNA transcripts and incorporates a fluorophore, allowing differences in the relative abundance of mRNA transcript numbers to be measured.
in comparison to DNA, RNA contains this base in place of thymine.
uracil
Western blot
used to detect protein
membrane incubated with an antibody specific to the protein of interest
what is the term for a permanent change in a gene’s DNA sequence?
mutation
Which of the following statements describes complementary pairing in DNA?
a. Each base can only form a bond with another copy of itself in DNA.
b. Each base type can only pair with another specific base in DNA.
c. The bases can only exist as double strands in nucleic acids.
d. Bases form pairs in nonspecific combinations in DNA.
b. Each base type can only pair with another specific base in DNA.
Electrophoresis is a technique used to___________ the DNA fragments.
a. separate
b. cut
c. clone
d. repair
a. separate
What carries the cell’s genetic information across the nuclear membrane?
a. mRNA
b. Protein
c. DNA
d. Chromatin
a. mRNA
restriction enzymes
These enzymes bind to DNA at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites
how is cloning of DNA accomplished?
by either using bacteria or a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Three of the four bases in RNA are identical to those in DNA, which is not?
Uracil takes the place of the thymine found in DNA
The genetic make-up of an organism is called its __________.
a. Phenotype
b. Genotype
c. Chromosome complement
d. Chromatin
b. Genotype
both DNA and RNA are found in the nucleus, but which one is usually found in the cytoplasm?
RNA
meiosis
Meiosis is the process of producing germ cells, where the genes mix after the first replication and then divide twice, and creating 4 haploid daughter cells.
What cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
a. Nucleus
b. Lysosome
c. Mitochondria
d. Ribosome
d. Ribosome
Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein synthesis?
a. Mitosis
b. Transcription
c. Translocation
d. Translation
d. Translation
ribosome
protein manufacturing machinery of the cell
Molecular biology
the study of the formation, structure, and function of the biologically important macromolecules that are found within living cells
What sugar is found in the DNA backbone?
a. Glucose
b. Lactose
c. Ribose
d. Deoxyribose
d. Deoxyribose
name the four bases of DNA.
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
What is the product of translation?
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Protein
d. Carbohydrate
c. Protein
When does replication occur in mammalian cells?
a. When the egg and the sperm unite
b. During active protein synthesis
c. Before the cells divide
d. When the cell needs extra energy
. c. Before the cells divide.
Mitosis
process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two identical cells, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells
The word “mitosis” means “threads,”
Ribosomes take part in which of the following cellular activities?
a. Replication
b. Translation
c. Transcription
d. Cell division
b. Translation
Where would you find haploid cells?
a. In an animal’s intestinal lining
b. In the early embryo at the blastocyst stage
c. In brain tissue
d. In the gonads
d. In the gonads
Collecting DNA process
collecting the DNA, purifying it, cutting it into smaller fragments, separating the fragments, making large amounts of the desired fragments, and testing to be sure the isolated fragment contains the desired gene
RNA is synthesized in the nucleus by what process?
transcription
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
amplification technique for producing large quantities of a DNA fragment of interest
Transcription
the first step of gene expression is transcription in which RNA is made from a DNA template.
ribose-containing nucleotides that form the complementary binding, which is guided by the RNA polymerase to form MRNA
