Chapter 12 Immunology Flashcards
the work of Jenner and Pasteur
principle of prior exposure to related or attenuated microorganisms leading to protective immunity
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
The immune system’s most important role is to distinguish between “self” and “nonself” and to remove foreign molecules and organisms that invade the body.
Characteristics of self are attributed to macromolecules on cell surfaces
antigen
Pathogens, proteins from a genetically different individual, or other substances
antigenicity
The degree to which an antigen can induce an immune response
The main parts of the immune system where leukocytes are generated:
the thymus,
the bone marrow,
the liver, and
the spleen.
Innate immunity
provides the first line of defense against invading foreign substances. This immunity consists of physical, biochemical, or cellular agents which are natural body defenses that detect and neutralize potential invaders.
reactive proteins
complement proteins
circulate in blood and tissue spaces in inactive forms
These proteins adhere to the surface of the invading organisms and facilitate an attack by phagocytic cells.
interferons
chemicals that carry out communication among cells
three types of interferons:
alpha,
beta, and
gamma.
neutrophils
macrophages and granulocytes
Macrophages and granulocytes release cytokines
Macrophages and granulocytes also initiate phagocytosis to engulf these foreign cells.
epitope
antigen fragment
2 kinds of acquired immune response
Cell-mediated response
Antibody-mediated response
Cell-mediated response
where most types of specialized lymphocytes, called T cells, stimulate the immune response through several pathways. They secrete cytokines (different from interferons) that stimulate the immune response in other cells. T cells release cytotoxic molecules that destroy foreign cells, cancer cells, and the body’s own injured cells. T cells are also necessary to stimulate B cells, inducing them to evolve into plasma cells for the production of antibodies.
Antibody-mediated response
where plasma cells (stimulated B cells) secrete antibodies that neutralize or destroy the infectious agents. The antibody-mediated response is often called the humoral immune response because the antibody-antigen interaction occurs in the fluids outside the cells; humoral means “body fluids.”
Amplification
the second step, is where the immune response increases in magnitude. Pathogen-specific T-cells proliferate; B-cells mature into plasma cells, magnifying the antibody titer; and the activating signal is transmitted from the T cell receptor to other molecules and cells in the animal.
Chemokines
mediate cell traffic, directing the movement of the immune cells throughout the lymphatic system.
cytokines
induce the antigen-specific T cells to proliferate and attack the pathogen, whereas others produce the redness, pain, and heat that are associated with the body’s inflammatory response.
resolution
the immune system has eliminated the threat to the body. The infected cells, parasites, or pathogens are dead
Macrophages
are a component of the innate immune system. Macrophages are phagocytes which engulf foreign materials, digest them into smaller pieces (breaking proteins into peptides, for example), and present these antigens to other cells of the immune system. As antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they promote the activities of cells in the acquired immune system. They offer a nonspecific response to substances recognized as nonself and often initiate the inflammatory response that will ultimately rid the body of the invading agent.
Granulocytes
include neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. Neutrophils destroy invading cells by engulfing them (for example, bacteria) or releasing the contents of lysosomes onto them (for example, parasites and cancer cells). They respond to cytokines and other signals from antigen-presenting cells. They support the activities of cells in the acquired immune system. Mast cells and eosinophils play a role in inflammatory and allergic reactions. They release potent inflammatory mediators, such as histamine.
Dendritic cells
have a major role in initiating an immune response. Their role is similar to that of macrophages. They act as antigen-presenting cells, trapping the antigens on their surface, migrating to lymph nodes, and presenting the antigens to other lymphoid cells to initiate a response.
B lymphocytes (B cells)
provide antibody-mediated immunity. These cells originate from bone marrow in higher vertebrates and from an organ called the bursa of Fabricius in birds. (B cells were named for this bursa.) When activated, B cells develop into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies that bind to antigens and mark them for destruction. B cells and plasma cells are part of the humoral response of the acquired immune system.
T lymphocytes (T cells)
develop in the thymus and provide cell-mediated immunity. They attack and destroy diseased cells which they identify as foreign. T cells have special molecules on their surface (T-cell receptors), which help them recognize and attach to antigens.
Antibodies
are immunoglobulins (Ig, pronounced as the letters “I” and “G”), which are glycoproteins (protein + carbohydrate) that bind to antigens in what is known as the antibody-antigen complex.
five classes of immunoglobulins in mammals
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.
two major classes of immunoglobulins in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
IgY (which is similar to IgG) and IgM.
IgG
The most abundant immunoglobulin in serum; found only in mammals. Only IgG can cross the placenta; in humans and rabbits, it is responsible for protecting the fetus and the newborn animal in the first few weeks of life before the neonate’s own immune system develops.
IgM
The second most abundant type of serum antibodies in mammals; also present in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. IgM is a large antibody and is mostly confined to the blood. IgM is the first immunoglobulin class to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn and the first antibody to be detected in response to an initial exposure to an antigen.
IgA
The predominant type of antibodies found in mammalian body secretions (bile, tears, saliva, colostrum) and in the fluids which bathe the mucous membranes of the intestines, lungs, and urinary tract. IgA is resistant to digestion and attacks pathogens that contact the body surface, are ingested, or are inhaled.
IgE
Found on the cell membranes of basophils and mast cells in mammals. Although IgE is typically found in low concentration, it triggers the most powerful immune reactions and is associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic reactions and asthma. Levels of IgE increase during parasitic infections.
IgD
Found in low concentration in serum, its function is not known. IgD is almost exclusively found in the membranes of B cells, where it may have a role in these cells’ activation. However, mice lacking IgD seem to retain normal immune responses.
IgY
A class of antibody occurring in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. It is equivalent to IgG in mammals. Egg yolk is rich in IgY; thus, chicken eggs are a common source of antibody used in immunological studies.
Cell-mediated immunity
is the generation of active lymphocytes that work to destroy infectious agents, parasites, foreign cells, or other antigens. This is the most complex branch of the immune response because it uses some components of the innate and humoral immune response. It is essential for the generation of humoral immunity.
Passive immunization
is accomplished by transferring preformed antibodies from an immune animal to a nonimmune animal. This occurs naturally when a fetus receives antibody across the placenta or when a neonate ingests colostrum (first milk).
Active immunity
is what the animal produces in response to being exposed to a foreign antigen. Immunization, such as by inoculation with a vaccine, ensures a protection that lasts longer than passive immunity.
primary immune response
The production of antibody from a first exposure to an antigen
Lineage B Cell
Develops into a plasma cell. Produces antibody.
Lineage T Cell
Regulates the antibody-mediated response.
Kills cells.
resume text book flash cards after Lineage T cell
resume text book flash cards after Lineage T cell
which type of immune cells do athymic nude mice lack?
t cells
when an animal begins to make antibodies against itself, the resulting clinical state is what type of disease?
autoimmune
the secondary immune response is also known as….
memory
what substance is used to boost the effectiveness of vaccines?
adjuvants
t or f: an inherited defect in immune response is known as a primary immunodeficiency disease.
true
the primary function of b cells is to produce what type of molecules?
antibodies (or immunoglobulins)
the immune system’s chemical messengers are called….
cytokines
there are two kinds of t cells:… and….
helper and killer
antibody production has 4 phases: lag, log, …… and decline.
plateau
which class of immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?
IgE
an organism that is weakened and unable to cause disease is referred to as….
attenuated
what substance is recognized as non-self and can elicit an immune response?
antigen
phagocytes and interferon are parts of which immune system?
innate
what are the three steps of acquired immunity response?
recognition
amplification
resolution
what are the two kinds of acquired immune response?
antibody-mediated
cell-mediated
Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?
a. Skin
b. Phagocyte
c. Antibody
d. Complement system
c. Antibody
Which of the following statements is true of the innate immune system?
a. It develops after exposure to a substance recognized as nonself.
b. It is the system that provides the anamnestic response.
c. It reacts to antigens in 3 steps: recognition, processing, and response.
d. It is nonspecific.
d. It is nonspecific.
Which of the following statements does NOT describe characteristics of the acquired immune system?
a. It develops a response only after exposure to a substance recognized as nonself.
b. It is the first line of defense against invading agents.
c. Vaccination activates this system.
d. It includes both antibody-mediated response and cell-mediated response.
b. It is the first line of defense against invading agents.
Which of the following is true of antibodies?
a. They are immunoglobulins.
b. They are enzymes.
c. They bind nonspecifically to antigens.
d. They deactivate the complement system.
a. They are immunoglobulins.
A transplant from one inbred mouse to another mouse of the same strain is an example of what type of graft?
a. Isograft
b. Allograft
c. Xenograft
d. Autograft
a. Isograft
A transplant from a pig to a human is an example of what type of graft?
a. Isograft
b. Allograft
c. Xenograft
d. Autograft
c. Xenograft
Immune hypersensitivity is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Transplant rejection
b. Asthma
c. Autoimmune diseases
d. Chronic immune complex diseases
a. Transplant rejection
- Nude mice lack a thymus and so don’t produce:
a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Plasma cells
d. Dendritic cells
b. T cells
What best describes passive immunity?
a. It is another term for innate immunity.
b. It is acquired as a result of vaccination.
c. It is mostly helpful as therapy for existing infections.
d. It results from receiving pre-formed antibodies.
d. It results from receiving pre-formed antibodies.
Which of the following is true about vaccination against the rabies virus?
a. Vaccination provides lifelong protection against rabies.
b. The vaccine contains the live attenuated virus.
c. Vaccination leads to a primary immune response during which specific antibodies are secreted.
d. Vaccination leads to a passive immune response.
c. Vaccination leads to a primary immune response during which specific antibodies are secreted.
Which of the following descriptions is NOT true for antibodies?
a. They have a “Y” shape.
b. The heavy chains and light chains are identical in all antibodies.
c. They are immunoglobulins.
d. The amino sequence of the short arms of the “Y” is what distinguishes one antibody from another.
b. The heavy chains and light chains are identical in all antibodies.
What is the first antibody which is detected in response to an initial exposure to an antigen?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM
d. IgM
Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta and offers protection to the newborn during the first few weeks of life?
a. IgA
b. IgE
c. IgG
d. IgM
. c. IgG
Which phrase best describes “immune response?”
a. The body’s reaction against invading agents
b. The body’s reaction to extremes of temperature or humidity
c. A resistance to disease
d. A type of vaccination
a. The body’s reaction against invading agents
Which best defines the term “immunology”?
a. The study of the interaction of a cell with its environment
b. The study of the body’s response when it is exposed to foreign substances
c. The study of the interaction of blood cells and the fluid that surround them
d. The study of how diseases are detected
b. The study of the body’s response when it is exposed to foreign substances
Which phrase best describes the term “antigen”?
a. A molecule that helps the body rid itself of foreign substances
b. A substance that is recognized as “non-self”
c. A molecule that helps fight immune diseases
d. A substance that is a component of lymphocytes
b. A substance that is recognized as “non-self”
The basic resistance that an individual is born with is called _________.
a. acquired immunity
b. adaptive immunity
c. innate immunity
d. general immunity
c. innate immunity
The________ provides the body with its first line of defense against foreign substances.
a. innate immune system
b. lymphocyte
c. T cell
d. antibody
a. innate immune system
Which of the components of the innate immune system coat the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by macrophages? a. MHC proteins b. Intracellular vesicles c. Antibodies d. Complement proteins
d. Complement proteins
What are the two kinds of acquired immune response?
a. Antibody mediated and cell mediated
b. Antigen mediated and humoral mediated
c. MHC mediated and complement mediated
d. Leukocyte mediated and tissue mediated
a. Antibody mediated and cell mediated
The antibody-mediated response is also called the ___________ response.
a. rapid
b. humoral
c. extracellular
d. secondary
b. humoral
. Cell-mediated immune response is triggered by which kind of cells?
a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Neutrophils
d. Plasma cells
. b. T cells
What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?
a. Transcription, dissemination, response
b. Processing, replication, response
c. Recognition, processing, response
d. Activation, recognition, response
c. Recognition, processing, response
In the recognition step of the acquired immune response, the antigen is called the __________ molecule.
a. causative
b. signal
c. reaction
d. inducer
b. signal
What is the role of cytokines?
a. They identify substances as foreign and produce antibodies.
b. They coat an invading microorganism and prevent it from penetrating healthy cells.
c. They initiate the innate immune response to a substance recognized as nonself.
d. They transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance from a receptor molecule to other molecules
and cells of the immune system.
d. They transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance from a receptor molecule to other molecules
and cells of the immune system.
The secretion of antibodies occurs during which step of the acquired immune response?
a. Response
b. Dissemination
c. Processing
d. Recognition
a. Response
What is another term for macrophages?
a. Antigen-presenting cells
b. Killer cells
c. Dendritic cells
d. Plasma cells
. a. Antigen-presenting cells
Which cell type is a component of the innate immune system?
a. Erythrocyte
b. B cell
c. T cell
d. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
d. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
The major histocompatibility complex proteins are found on the surface of what type of cells?
a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Null cells
d. Antigen presenting cells
d. Antigen presenting cells
Which immune system cells secrete antibodies?
a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Plasma cells
d. Macrophages
c. Plasma cells
B cells and plasma cells are part of the __________-mediated immune response.
a. macrophage
b. antigen
c. antibody
d. auto-immune
c. antibody
What is the role of MHC proteins?
a. They help macrophages engulf invading bacteria or viruses.
b. They help distinguish “self” from “nonself.”
c. They are part of the innate immune system that protects the body from being attacked by pathogens.
d. They are essential to the migration of immune cells in the body.
b. They help distinguish “self” from “nonself.”
Which of the following statements apply to antibodies?
a. They are produced by plasma cells.
b. They secrete antigens.
c. They are part of the innate immune system.
d. All of the above
a. They are produced by plasma cells.
Which is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian serum?
a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgE
d. IgG
. d. IgG
Which immunoglobulin is associated with hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma?
a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgE
d. IgG
c. IgE
By which method can an animal be given passive immunity?
a. Exposure to strong antigens
b. Injection with attenuated infectious agents
c. Transfer of preformed antibodies from an immune animal
d. Gradual exposure to the antigen
c. Transfer of preformed antibodies from an immune animal
What best defines the term antibody titer?
a. A specific type of antibody
b. A measurement of the amount of antibody present
c. The response to a second exposure to the same antigen
d. The lack of response to an antigen
b. A measurement of the amount of antibody present
What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response?
a. It takes longer to reach the log phase.
b. The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response.
c. The response is briefer than the primary response.
d. The antibody levels are less protective than in the primary response.
b. The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response.
After exposure to an antigen, which of the following represents the initial period during which no antibody can be detected? a. Lag phase b. Log phase c. Plateau phase d. Decline phase
a. Lag phase
Why are adjuvants used in vaccines?
a. To make the vaccine ingredients more soluble
b. To avoid some of the undesirable side effects of the inoculation
c. To reduce the inflammatory response
d. To enhance the immune response
d. To enhance the immune response
What is another term used to describe immunodeficient individuals?
a. Antigenic
b. Immunocompromised
c. Anti-immune
d. Immunoresistant
b. Immunocompromised
The athymic mouse’s immunodeficiency can be classified as what type of disease?
a. A secondary immunodeficiency disease
b. An immune hypersensitivity
c. A primary immunodeficiency disease
d. A chronic immune complex disease
. c. A primary immunodeficiency disease
In AIDS, the HIV virus destroys which of the cells involved in the immune response?
a. B cells
b. Dendritic cells
c. T helper cells
d. Granulocytes
c. T helper cells
. Which cell lineage is affected in XID mice?
a. B cell
b. T cell
c. Null cell
d. Dendritic cell
a. B cell
What phrase best describes immunosuppression?
a. A lowered immune responsiveness
b. The inability to recognize a substance as nonself
c. An illness produced by circulating complexes of antibody and antigen
d. All of the above
a. A lowered immune responsiveness
Why is cyclosporin A often used in individuals who have received tissue transplants?
a. It helps prevent infections.
b. It suppresses the recipient’s immune response against the transplant.
c. It selectively kills the transplanted tissue’s immune cells.
d. It increases the number of B cells in the body.
b. It suppresses the recipient’s immune response against the transplant.
What statement best describes the main characteristic of autoimmune disease?
a. The animal’s immune system is abnormally aggressive against antigens.
b. The animal’s immune system lacks some of the cells that contribute to the immune response.
c. The animal’s immune system reacts against the animal’s own constituents.
d. The animal’s immune system only reacts against some types of antigens.
c. The animal’s immune system reacts against the animal’s own constituents.
Which of the following statements applies to chronic immune complex diseases?
a. The immune system overreacts to the presence of an antigen.
b. The immune system attacks the body’s own cells.
c. The immune system is depressed for a period of time following radiation therapy.
d. There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream.
d. There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream.
What best describes polyclonal antibodies?
a. They are antibodies that react with different antigens.
b. They are antibodies that can easily be cloned to increase their numbers.
c. They are mixtures of antibodies from both the donor and the recipient produced in xenografts.
d. They are groups of antibodies that bind to different sites on the same antigen.
d. They are groups of antibodies that bind to different sites on the same antigen.
What is the term for an area on an antigen that is recognized by the immune system as being nonself?
a. Hybridoma
b. Antidote
c. Epitope
d. Clone
c. Epitope
3 reasons the immune system can be overwhelmed
infectious load is high
the virulence of the microbe is great
the immune system is compromised
another name for acquired immunity
adaptive immunity
what does attenuated mean?
weakened
what chemical messengers do macrophages and granulocytes release to escalate the immune response?
cytokines
t or f: an animals innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance?
true
t or f: the acquired immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen?
true
antibody mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells?
b cells and plasma cells
what are the 3 steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?
recognition
amplification
resolution
what two types of molecules participate in the recognition step of an acquired immune response?
signal molecule
receptor molecule
what cells participate in the acquired immune response?
macrophages
t cells
dendritic cells
b cells
which cells secrete specialized factors that carry messages to other immune system cells?
helper T cells
t or f: each antibody molecule can bind several different kinds of antigens?
false
what is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or a newborn in response to an antigen?
IgM
what cellular organelle contains enzymes that destroy foreign materials that were engulfed by phagocytic cells?
lysosomes
describe two ways which active immunity can develop.
following exposure to an infectious agent
after inoculation with the attenuated or killed infectious agent
during which phase of an immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?
the log phase
what is the term for the secondary immune response?
anamnestic response
list two advantages associated with using dead viruses in vaccines.
they cannot cause disease
they are generally more stable
name 3 ways an individual can naturally acquire an immune disease.
inherit it
acquire it through infection or illness
as a side effect of some drug treatment
AIDS is a primary or secondary immunodeficiency disease?
secondary
t or f: when a defect in the immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.
true
name 3 examples of immune hypersensitivity.
allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease
name 2 autoimmune diseases.
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythmatosus
