Chapter 15 Diagnostic Techniques Flashcards
what is the microscopic examination of preserved tissue called?
histopathology
t or f: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses ionizing radiation to make images.
false: MRI uses a strong magnetic field.
why should animals that are to be necropsied never be stored in the freezer?
formation of ice crystals in the cells will cause them to rupture and will make histology impossible.
what method uses radioactive imaging agents to visualize biologic processes in vivo?
positron emission tomography
the serum concentration of antibody to a specific antigen is known as the ….
titer
insertion of a sterile needle through the body wall and into the bladder is called ….
cystocentesis
what does an increase in urine specific gravity usually indicate?
dehydration
what are colorimetric reagent strips used to measure in urine?
chemical determinations such as pH, protein, glucose, etc.
after bacteria are cultured, what physical characteristics can be used to identify the species?
size, shape, biochemical characteristics, and staining reactions
Where on the body are enteric endoparasites most commonly found in laboratory animals?
a. On the skin and hair shafts
b. In the nasal passages and the lungs
c. In the intestinal tract
d. In the bloodstream
c. In the intestinal tract
By which method are most endoparasites detected?
a. Fecal examination
b. Serology
c. Skin scraping
d. Biopsy
a. Fecal examination
A hematocrit is used to determine the:
a. level of oxygen in the blood.
b. packed cell volume.
c. red blood cell count.
d. morphology of the red blood cells.
b. Packed cell volume
RBC values are usually given in what units?
a. Millions per microliter
b. Millions per milliliter
c. Thousands per microliter
d. Thousands per milliliter
a. Millions per microliter
Examination of skin mucus taken from aquatic species under a microscope is also known as:
a. Differential
b. Direct smear
c. Wet mount
d. Tape test
c. Wet mount
If the plasma appears cloudy in the hematocrit tube, it could be an indication of what condition?
a. Jaundice
b. Hemoglobinemia
c. Hyperlipemia
d. High white blood cell count
c. Hyperlipemia
The buffy coat in the hematocrit tube can be collected and used to:
a. check the morphology of the white blood cells.
b. determine the platelet count.
c. verify icterus in the animal.
d. measure the triglyceride level in the blood.
a. check the morphology of the white blood cells.
What is another term used for the blood test called hematocrit?
a. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
b. Packed cell volume
c. Mean hemoglobin ratio
d. Erythrocyte concentration
b. Packed cell volume
High concentrations of neutrophils or heterophils are usually indicative of what disease or condition?
a. An active bacterial infection
b. An active viral infection
c. A past parasitic infection
d. An allergic reaction
a. An active bacterial infection
Depressed levels of neutrophils usually indicate what disease or condition?
a. Active bacterial infection
b. Active viral infection
c. Past parasitic infection
d. Leukemia
b. Active viral infection
Which test gives information on blood cell morphology?
a. Erythrocyte count
b. Packed cell volume
c. Peripheral blood smear
d. Hematocrit
c. Peripheral blood smear
Platelets are a source of:
a. clotting factors.
b. hemoglobin.
c. triglycerides.
d. antibodies.
a. clotting factors.
A low platelet count may indicate a tendency to develop what condition?
a. Anemia
b. Secondary infections
c. High fevers
d. Hemorrhage
. d. Hemorrhage
Which of the following best describes plasma?
a. Whole blood
b. Unclotted blood
c. The liquid portion of unclotted blood
d. The liquid portion of clotted blood
. c. The liquid portion of unclotted blood
. How should a urine sample for microbiological analysis be obtained?
a. By catheterization
b. By massaging the abdomen of the animal and catching the urine in a sterile cup
c. By holding a sterile container in the urine stream of the animal urinating naturally
d. By cystocentesis
d. By cystocentesis
What are the units for specific gravity?
a. g/L
b. g/dL
c. mL/g
d. Specific gravity has no units
d. Specific gravity has no units
Thermographic cameras measure which sort of radiation?
a. X-rays
b. Infrared
c. Gamma
d. Vibration
. b. Infrared
. Under which of the following conditions will viruses grow?
a. Agar plate
b. Artificial nutrient media
c. Cell culture
d. Glass culture plates
c. Cell culture
What is a necropsy?
a. Determination of the cause of death
b. Examination of an animal after its death
c. Method of disposal of animal carcasses
d. A fatal bacterial or viral infection
b. Examination of an animal after its death
If there will be a delay of 12 to 24 hours after death before the necropsy can be performed, what is the best
approach to preserve a carcass?
a. Keep the carcass at room temperature but protect it from insects and other animals.
b. Refrigerate the carcass to prevent rapid decomposition.
c. Place the carcass in the freezer to prevent decomposition.
d. Place the carcass in formalin to preserve the tissues.
. b. Refrigerate the carcass to prevent rapid decomposition.
Which of the following is an example of histopathology?
a. Each organ is weighed and examined for any visible abnormalities.
b. Any visible lesion or growth is described in detail to help in diagnosis.
c. Serological tests are conducted to obtain a history of infections affecting the animal.
d. Thin slices of tissue are fixed, stained, and examined under the microscope.
d. Thin slices of tissue are fixed, stained, and examined under the microscope.
To preserve tissues for further examination, what is the usual ratio of tissue to fixative used, by weight?
a. 1 to 1
b. 1 to 5
c. 1 to 10
d. 1 to 20
. d. 1 to 20
X-rays are made up of what types of waves?
a. Electromagnetic
b. Radio
c. Ultrasound
d. Light
. a. Electromagnetic
Which of the following is an example of a contrast medium?
a. Cadmium
b. Luciferin
c. Bilirubin
d. Gadolinium
d. Gadolinium
Which is a characteristic of ultrasound imaging?
a. Provides quantifiable data
b. Requires a dedicated suite
c. Characterizes bony tissues
d. Can be used intravascularly
d. Can be used intravascularly
What does the term prognosis mean?
a. Predicting the outcome of the disease
b. Developing a therapeutic plan
c. Determining the cause of the disease
d. Identifying what disease is present
a. Predicting the outcome of the disease
What is another name for white blood cells?
a. Erythrocytes
b. Platelets
c. Leukocytes
d. Corpuscles
c. Leukocytes
Bioluminescent imaging requires a light signal from which molecule?
a. Gadolinium
b. Cadmium
c. Fluorescein
d. Luciferin
d. Luciferin
. Where would you normally expect to find ectoparasites on a rabbit?
a. In the lungs
b. In the liver
c. On the skin
d. In the intestinal tract
c. On the skin
Which test is a quick method, though not very accurate, for detecting endoparasites?
a. Direct fecal smear
b. Ultrasound
c. Fecal sedimentation
d. Skin scraping
a. Direct fecal smear
What is a common cause of a high red blood cell count?
a. Anemia
b. Dehydration
c. Bacterial infection
d. Viral infection
b. Dehydration
A low hematocrit may be an indication of what condition?
a. Dehydration
b. Hemoglobinemia
c. Hyperlipemia
d. Anemia
d. Anemia
What test refers to the percentage of blood occupied by cells?
a. Platelet count
b. Differential
c. CBC
d. Packed cell volume
d. Packed cell volume
Which leukocyte has characteristic red granules in its cytoplasm?
a. Basophil
b. Monocyte
c. Eosinophil
d. Neutrophil
c. Eosinophil
The study of the fluid portion of blood with respect to the presence or absence of antibodies is called:
a. Serology
b. Serum chemistry
c. Platelet count
d. Microbiology
. a. Serology
Which of the following is used to measure the specific gravity of urine?
a. Microscope
b. Refractometer
c. Agar plate
d. Flotation device
b. Refractometer
Which of the following radiographic techniques can provide moving pictures?
a. Magnetic resonance imaging
b. Computed tomography
c. Fluoroscopy
d. Positron emission tomography
c. Fluoroscopy
A researcher wishes to investigate the effects of a treatment for skin infection. Which imaging method would be best to quantify inflammation? a. Ultrasound b. Magnetic Resonance Imaging c. Positron Emission Tomography d. Thermography
d. Thermography
Fecal Sedimentation
to detect flukes or lungworms
The Baermann method
Fecal Flotation
To detect endoparasites by fecal flotation, a larger fecal specimen is collected than that used for the direct smear method.
Magnification for the presence of parasite eggs and coccidial oocysts.
Fecal Direct Smear
This is the quickest method for identifying endoparasites but is the least accurate because the sample size is so small.
Hematology
the study of the production, use, and destruction of blood components.
Plasma
the liquid (noncellular) portion of the unclotted blood. lavender-top tube
Serum
the liquid that remains after the blood has been allowed to clot.
Red-top tubes
hemogram
A complete blood count (CBC),
what are the layers - from bottom to top - in a tube of blood after centrifugation?
plasma
buffy coat (WBC’s and platelets)
packed RBC’s at the bottom
WBC counts are expressed as
thousands of cells per microliter
leukogram
A white blood cell differential
counts the percentage of white blood cells by type
neutrophils/heterophils % of the total WBC count
make up 45% to 75%
monocytes % of the total WBC count
make up 3% to 5%
lymphocytes % of the total WBC count
make up 25% to 40%
An elevated concentration of neutrophils/heterophils is usually associated with:
active bacterial infections or tissue destruction.
A depressed level (known as neutropenia) of neutrophils is usually associated with:
a viral infection or the early or late stage of a bacterial disease
band cells % of the total WBC
immature forms of neutrophils/heterophils
1% to 3%
heterophils
equivalent of neutrophils in some species, namely birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and some mammals (rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters)
eosinophils % of the total WBC count
2% to 5%
an elevated eosinophil is usually associated with:
an allergic reaction or the presence of parasites, such as worms or flukes.
basophils % of the total WBC count
1%
An elevated concentration of lymphocytes is usually associated with:
presence of an acute infection or leukemia, which is a cancer of white blood cells.
myoglobinuria
excretion of myoglobin resulting from a traumatic muscle injury
A low specific gravity may indicate:
kidney disease
An increase in urine specific gravity may indicate:
dehydration
Histopathology
the microscopic evaluation of tissues for changes in their structure
fluoroscope
a radiograph machine capable of taking moving pictures
Positron emission tomography
a method that uses radioactive isotopes to visualize biological processes in vivo
