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myLATG > Chapter 16 Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what type of drugs are sulfonamides?

A

antibiotics

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2
Q

what type of drug is ivermectin?

A

parasiticide

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3
Q

what type of drugs are used to control inflammation?

A

glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

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4
Q

name 3 species in which administration of penicillin can be fatal?

A

hamster, guinea pigs, rabbits

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5
Q

what is a polyvalent vaccine?

A

vaccines for multiple diseases in a single inoculation

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6
Q

what term refers to the combined effect of the drugs being greater than the sum of each one alone?

A

synergism

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7
Q

t or f: a drug that is safe in one species is safe in all species.

A

false: a drug safe in one species can be toxic in another species.

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8
Q

what term means that a drug is being used in a way that is not specified in the FDA’s package insert?

A

off-label

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9
Q

t or f: schedule I controlled substances have the lowest potential for human abuse.

A

false they have the highest potential for abuse

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10
Q

what are controlled substances?

A

drugs that are regulated by the DEA because they may be addictive to humans.

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11
Q

what are the 4 parts of a dosage regime?

A

dose
frequency
route of administration
duration of treatment

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12
Q

the ability of a drug to enter the bloodstream from the site of administration is called…

A

absorption

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13
Q

what term means “not through the alimentary canal.”

A

parenteral

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14
Q

to what part of the body is a topical drug applied?

A

skin or mucous membranes, including eyes and ears

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15
Q

what route of drug administration is generally the slowest to achieve the peak concontration?

A

PO (per os or by mouth)

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16
Q

If you are unsure of or do not understand a dosage regimen, who should you discuss it with?

a. Veterinary staff
b. Principal investigator
c. Toxicologist
d. IACUC chair

A

a. Veterinary staff

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17
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of the acronym ADME?

a. Affect
b. Metabolism
c. Excretion
d. Distribution

A

a. Affect

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18
Q

Which of the following characteristics is not a component of the dosage regimen?

a. Dose rate
b. Duration of treatment
c. Drug manufacturer
d. Treatment frequency

A

c. Drug manufacturer

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19
Q

A capsule is an example of what type of route of administration?

a. Subcutaneous
b. Topical
c. Oral
d. Parenteral

A

c. Oral

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20
Q

The breakdown products of drugs are called ____.

a. pro-drugs
b. pharmakines
c. metabolites
d. liposomes

A

c. metabolites

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21
Q

Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA approved drug?

a. Attending veterinarian
b. Institutional official
c. Drug manufacturer
d. Principal investigator

A

c. Drug manufacturer

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22
Q

What is the term for the movement of a drug throughout the body?

a. Metabolism
b. Dissolution
c. Dispersal
d. Distribution

A

d. Distribution

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23
Q

Why must care be taken when storing drugs classed as biologics?

a. These drugs are temperature sensitive
b. These drugs are regulated by the FDA
c. These drugs must be injected intravenously
d. These drugs are commonly vaccines

A

a. These drugs are temperature sensitive

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sustained release formulation?

a. Transdermal patch
b. Liposome
c. Subcutaneous bolus
d. Osmotic pump

A

c. subcutaneous bolus

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25
Q 
In which of the following routes of administration would a drug have the slowest rate of absorption into the
bloodstream?
a. Inhalation
b. Rectal
c. Subcutaneous
d. Peritoneal
A

c. Subcutaneous

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26
Q

In which species is atropine not effective in reducing salivation during anesthesia?

a. Sheep
b. Rats
c. Rabbits
d. Guinea pigs

A

. c. Rabbits

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27
Q

Itraconazole is a drug that may be administered to an animal with an infection of which kind of organism?

a. Bacterium
b. Virus
c. Fungus
d. Parasite

A

c. Fungus

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28
Q

The effect of administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together is:

a. Additive
b. Synergistic
c. Potentiating
d. Antagonistic

A

b. Synergistic

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29
Q

Controlled substances are classified by federal regulations into how many schedules?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

A

d. 5

30
Q

Gentamycin and kanamycin are examples of which kind of antibiotics?

a. Aminoglycosides
b. Fluoroquinolones
c. Penicillins
d. Tetracyclines

A

a. Aminoglycosides

31
Q

Why is neomycin NOT given by the parenteral route?

a. It is only available as a cream.
b. It has a sedative effect.
c. It gets metabolized by the liver.
d. It is toxic.

A

d. It is toxic.

32
Q

For which of the following conditions are cephalosporins often used?

a. To treat fungal infections
b. For the topical treatment of burns
c. To treat infections that have shown resistance to other antibiotics
d. For infections caused by gram-negative organisms

A

c. To treat infections that have shown resistance to other antibiotics

33
Q

When treated for a bacterial infection, why may a hamster die following one or more injections of penicillin?

a. Penicillin is not effective on gram-positive organisms.
b. Overgrowth of gram-negative organisms may secrete a lethal toxin.
c. Hamsters secrete an enzyme that changes penicillin to a toxic metabolite.
d. The dose of penicillin given was probably too high.

A

b. Overgrowth of gram-negative organisms may secrete a lethal toxin.

34
Q

Miconazole is what type of drug?

a. Antibacterial
b. Antiviral
c. Antifungal
d. Antiparasitic

A

c. Antifungal

35
Q

What is a common parasiticide?

a. Sulfa
b. Penicillin
c. Amitraz
d. Ivermectin

A

. d. Ivermectin

36
Q

Ivermectin, fenbendazole, and pyrantel pamoate are all used to treat animals for:

a. Chronic diarrhea.
b. Viral infections.
c. Endoparasites.
d. Inflammation.

A

c. Endoparasites

37
Q

Pyrethrins are what type of substance?

a. Antiviral
b. Insecticide
c. Antidiarrheal
d. Anti-inflammatory

A

b. Insecticide

38
Q

What best describes a polyvalent vaccine?

a. It is effective in many species.
b. One vial contains multiple vaccines.
c. The vaccine is combined with other drugs.
d. An animal must be administered booster vaccinations.

A

b. One vial contains multiple vaccines.

39
Q

The causative agent for enterotoxemia in hamsters and guinea pigs treated with penicillin is:

a. Eimeria
b. Clostridium
c. Pneumocystis
d. Giardia

A

b. Clostridium

40
Q

Enrofloxacin belongs to what group of antibacterial drugs?

a. Sulfonamides
b. Fluoroquinolones
c. Aminoglycosides
d. Macrolides

A

b. Fluoroquinolones

41
Q 
Which route of administration will produce the highest concentration in the bloodstream of a drug given at the same
dose?
a. Subcutaneous
b. Intramuscular
c. Intravenous 
d. Oral
A

c. Intravenous

42
Q

What is an advantage of NSAIDs over glucocorticoids?

a. NSAIDs are not immunosuppressive, whereas glucocorticoids are immunosuppressive.
b. NSAIDs have a faster onset of drug action than glucocorticoids.
c. NSAIDs are not controlled substances, but glucocorticoids are controlled substances.
d. NSAIDs may be used topically, but glucocorticoids are not effective topically.

A

. a. NSAIDs are not immunosuppressive, whereas glucocorticoids are immunosuppressive.

43
Q

Pyrantel pamoate is used drug to treat which condition in laboratory animals?

a. Nematodes
b. Inflammation
c. Ringworm
d. Diarrhea

A

a. Nematodes

44
Q

Examples of controlled-release delivery systems

A

transdermal patches,
implantable osmotic pumps,
liposomes (fatty vesicles in suspension),
capsules.

45
Q

additive effect

A

occurs if the total effect of the drug combination is equal to the sum of the effect of each drug alone.

46
Q

potentiation effect

A

the increase in a drug’s effect caused by another drug which itself has little effect.

47
Q

synergism effect

A

the combined effect of the drugs being greater than the sum of each alone.

48
Q

antagonism effect

A

the interference of one drug with the action of another.

49
Q

therapeutic index

A

is often expressed as the lethal dose in half of a test population (LD50) divided by the effective dose in half of a test population (ED50).
This ratio is expressed as LD50:ED50.

50
Q

dose rate

A

the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight, for example mg/kg.

51
Q

dose

A

the actual amount of drug administered

52
Q

Sulfonamides

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics

treat enteric coccidiosis

53
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

potent broad-spectrum drugs

treating E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, etc.

Enrofloxacin is most commonly used.

54
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

include neomycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin. This family has mainly a Gram-negative spectrum.

55
Q

Penicillins

A

have mainly a Gram-positive spectrum of activity

56
Q

Cephalosporins

A

useful for treating Gram-positive organisms, particularly ones resistant to the penicillins.

Ceftiofur and cefadroxil are frequently used

57
Q

Nitroimidazoles

A

used to treat infections of anaerobic bacteria and parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas.

Metronidazole is the most commonly used

58
Q

Antifungal Drugs

A

miconazole and nystatin

ketoconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin.

59
Q

Ivermectin

A

one of the most widely used parasiticides in laboratory animal medicine

It is nearly always fatal when administered to turtles and is generally not recommended for use in reptiles or snakes due to a narrow margin of safety.

60
Q

Fenbendazole

A

used to treat internal parasites—mainly nematodes.

It is an effective and generally safe treatment for rodent pinworms.

61
Q

Pyrantel pamoate

A

is an effective treatment for nematodes in many species.

62
Q

Pyrethrins

A

a family of insecticidal compounds which are used to treat external parasites in many species.

63
Q

Praziquantel

A

used for treating tapeworms in dogs and cats and other species.

64
Q

Amitraz

A

used for treating demodectic mange mites in dogs.

65
Q

Milbemycin oxime

A

used for the prevention of heartworm in dogs.

66
Q

anti-diarrhea (reduce gut motility)

A

atropine
loperamide
aminopentamide

67
Q

anti-diarrhea (coat the bowel lining)

A

kaolin/pectin
bismuth subsalicylate
carafate

68
Q

Nausea and vomiting drugs

A

netoclopramide
maropitant citrate
promethazine

69
Q

Synthetic corticosteroids

A

dexamethasone
triamcinolone
prednisone.

70
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

A 
meloxicam
flunixin meglumine
ketoprofen
carprofen
robenacoxib.
71
Q

Biological products (often known as biologics)

A

materials that either consist of or are derived from living components, such as tissues, cells, or microbes. Vaccinations, tuberculin, gene therapy, and blood products are examples of biologics.

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