Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS 212 > Chapter 9: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

Cellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that are spontaneous and release energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Require energy to proceed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anabolism

A

Refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Catabolism

A

Refers to exergonic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds (Ex. plants and cyanobacteria).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Rely on more complex organic carbon compounds as nutrients; these are provided to them initially by autotrophs (Ex. humans, E. coli).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phototrophs

A

Get their energy for electron transfer from light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Obtains energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Organotrophs

A

Chemotrophs that obtain energy from organic compounds including humans, fungi, and many prokaryotes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lithotrophs

A

Chemotrophs that get energy from inorganic compounds, including hydrogen sulfide and reduced iron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oxidation Reactions

A

Reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reduction Reactions

A

Those that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Oxidation and reduction occur in tandem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NAD+/NADH

A

The most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism. NAD+ is the oxidized form of the molecule; NADH is the reduced form of the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

A

Composed of an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction and is not used up in the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Substrates

A

The chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Active Site

A

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Active Site

A

The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds.

23
Q

Induced Fit

A

Active-site modification in the presence of substrate, along with the simultaneous formation of the transition state.

24
Q

Cofactors

A

Inorganic ions such as iron and magnesium that help stabilize enzyme conformation and function.

25
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic helper molecules that are required for enzyme action; they are not consumed and, hence, are reusable.

26
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

Bind to the enzyme’s active site, aiding in the chemistry of the transition of a substrate to a product.

27
Q

Apoenzyme

A

An enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive.

28
Q

Holoenzyme

A

An enzyme with the necessary associated cofactor or coenzyme and is active.

29
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

A molecule similar enough to a substrate that is can compete with the substrate for binding to the active site by simply blocking the substrate from binding.

30
Q

Allosteric Site

A

A location other than the active site.

31
Q

Noncompetitive (Allosteric) Inhibitor

A

Binds to the enzyme at an allosteric site, and still manages to block substrate binding to the active site by inducing a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

32
Q

Allosteric Activators

A

Bind to locations on an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformational change that increases the affinity of the enzyme’s active site(s) for its substrate(s).

33
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

Involves the use of a pathway product to regulate its own further production.

34
Q

Embden-Meyerhif-Parnas (EMP) Pathway (Part One)

A

The first part of the pathway is called the energy investment phase, uses energy from two ATP molecules to modify a glucose molecule so that the six-carbon sugar molecule can be split evenly into two phosphorylated three-carbon molecules called glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

35
Q

Embden-Meyerhif-Parnas (EMP) Pathway (Part Two)

A

The second part of the pathway, called the energy payoff phase, extracts energy by oxidizing G3P to pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules and reducing two molecules of NAD+ to two molecules of NADH, using electrons that originated from glucose.

36
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

A phosphate group is removed from an organic molecule and is directly transferred to an available ADP molecule, producing ATP.

37
Q

Entner-Doudoroff (ED) Pathway

A

Glycolysis pathway used by bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

38
Q

Phosphate Pathway (PPP)/Phosphogluconate Pathway/Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

May be the most ancient universal glycolytic pathway; is favored when the cell has need for nucleic acid and/or protein synthesis, respectively.

39
Q

Transition Reaction/Bridge Reaction

A

When the pyruvate is decarboxylated by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase to a two-carbon acetyl group.

40
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

A very large carrier compound that two-carbon acetyl must be attached to to proceed in the metabolic process.

41
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Transfers remaining electrons from the acetyl group produced during the transition reaction to electron carrier molecules, thus reducing them.

42
Q

Electron Transport System

A

Is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers.

43
Q

Redox Potential

A

A measure of the ease with which a molecule will accept electrons.

44
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

The final electron acceptor at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier.

45
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor.

46
Q

Fermentation

A

Does not involve an electron transport system and does not directly produce any additional ATP beyond that produced during glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation.

47
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Makes yogurt and cheese, and is used by animals in muscles during oxygen depletion. Pyruvate + NADH <—> Lactic Acid + NAD+

48
Q

Homolactic Fermentation

A

When lactic acid is the only fermentation product.

49
Q

Alcohol Fermentation

A

Produces ethanol; is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and also makes bread products rise due to the CO2 production; also used in biofuel production.

50
Q

Propionic Acid Fermentation

A

The propionic acid produced contributes to the distinctive flavor of Swiss cheese, for example/

51
Q

Lipases

A

Catalyze the breaking down of triglycerides.

52
Q

Phospholipaes

A

Catalyze the breaking down of phospholipids.

53
Q

Phospholipase

A

Catalyze the breaking down of phospholipids.

54
Q

Beta-Oxidation

A

Sequentially removes two-carbon acetyl groups from the ends of fatty acids chains, reducing NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and PADH2, respectively, whose electrons can be used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

55
Q

Protease

A

The enzymes that degrades proteins.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions