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BMS 212 > Chapter 15: Disease and Epidemiology Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Disease and Epidemiology Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What does symbiosis mean?

A

To live together.

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2
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both organisms benefit from the relationship.
Ex: bacteria in human colon.

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3
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one organism benefits and the other is neither benefited or harmed.
Ex: mites in human hair follicles.

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4
Q

What is amensalism?

A

Where one organism is neither benefited or harmed and the other is harmed.
Ex: fungus secreting an antibiotic, inhibiting nearby bacteria.

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5
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Where one organism is benefited and the other is harmed.
Ex: TB bacteria in human lung.

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6
Q

True or False: Amensalism exists in real life.

A

False.

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7
Q

What is normal microbiota/normal flora/indigenous microbiota?

A

Organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease.

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8
Q

What are the two types of microbiotas?

A

Resident microbiota and transient microbiota.

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9
Q

What is transient microbiota?

A

Organims that remain in the body for a short period.

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10
Q

What are some reasons transient microbiota cannot persist in the body?

A

Competition from other microorganisms.
Elimination by the body’s defense cells.
Chemical or physical changes in the body.

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11
Q

How do we aquire our normal microbiota?

A

Development in the womb free of microorganisms.
Microbiota being to develop during birthing process.
Much of one’s resident microbiota established during first months of life.

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12
Q

True or False: You have a different normal flora if you were born vaginally than if you were born via C-section.

A

True.

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13
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances.

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14
Q

What are some conditions that provide opportunities for pathogens?

A

Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in body.
Immune suppression.
Changes in the relative abundance of normal microbiota (surgeries/cuts, antibiotics).

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15
Q

What are the three different reservoirs for infection?

A

Animal reservoir
Human carriers
Nonliving reservoir

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16
Q

True or False: Most pathogens cannot survive for long outside their host.

A

True

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17
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Bacteria that jump from animals to humans.

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18
Q

How do humans acquire zoonoses?

A

Direct contact with animal or its waste.
Eating animals.
Bloodsucking arthropods (mosquitos).

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19
Q

What are zoonoses difficult to irradicate?

A

How can we do something like vaccinate whole animal populations?

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20
Q

True or False: Humans are usually dead-end hosts to zoonotic pathogens.

A

True.

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21
Q

What is an asymptomatic individual?

A

An individual that spreads disease without suffering from symptoms themselves.

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22
Q

Who was Typhoid Mary?

A

A women who had typhoid but was asymptomatic and spread it to others through her cooking.

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23
Q

What are nonliving reservoirs?

A

Soil, water, and food.

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24
Q

How do these nonliving reservoirs often get contaminated?

A

By feces or urine.

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25
Q

What is contamination?

A

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body.

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26
Q

What is infection?

A

When an organism evades the body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body.

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27
Q

What are the three major pathways in which pathogens enter the body?

A

Skin (soft tissue infections).
Mucous Membranes (eyes, nose, lungs, GI, urinary, etc.)
Placenta.

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28
Q

How can pathogens enter through the skin?

A

Some pathogens can enter through openings or cuts.
Others enter by burrowing into or digesting outer layers of skin (micro-tearing).

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29
Q

How does the skin protect us from pathogens?

A

Outer layers of dead skin cells acts as a barrier to pathogens.

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30
Q

Where are mucous membranes found?

A

They line the body cavities that are open to the environment.

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31
Q

What is the most common site of entry for a pathogen?

A

The respiratory tract (or GI tract (less but still happens)).

32
Q

Is the placenta sterile?

A

Yes.

33
Q

True or False: The placenta is not a good barrier towards infections.

A

False.

34
Q

What happens when pathogens cross the placenta and infect the fetus?

A

It can cause spontaneous abortion, birth defects, or premature birth.

35
Q

What are portals of exit?

A

How pathogens leave the body.

36
Q

True or False: Many portals of exit are the same os portals of entry.

A

True.

37
Q

What do pathogens leave the host in?

A

Pathogens often leave hosts in materials the body secretes or excretes.

38
Q

What is disease?

A

Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body function.

39
Q

True or False: Disease and morbidity are two separate things?

A

False.

40
Q

What is transmission?

A

From a reservoir or a portal of exit to another host’s portal of entry.

41
Q

What are the three groups of transmission?

A

Contact transmission.
Vehicle transmission.
Vector transmission.

42
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Usually involves body contact between hosts.

43
Q

What is indirect contact transmission?

A

Pathogens are spread from host to host by fomites.

44
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

The spread of pathogens in droplets of mucus by exhaling, coughing, and sneezing (NOT airborne transmission).

45
Q

What are some vehicles?

A

Water, air, and food.

46
Q

What is airborne transmission?

A

When pathogens travel more than 1 meter via an aerosol.

47
Q

What are some activities that aerosols can occur by?

A

Sneezing, coughing, air-conditioning systems, sweeping.

48
Q

What does waterborne disease primarily spread?

A

Gastrointestinal disease.

49
Q

What is foodborne transmission?

A

Spread of pathogens in and on foods.

50
Q

What is bodily fluid transmission?

A

Bodily fluids such as blood, urine, saliva can carry pathogens.

51
Q

What are biological vectors?

A

They transmit pathogens and serve as hosts for some stage of the pathogen’s life cycle.

52
Q

What is the most common type of biological vector?

A

Biting anthropods.

53
Q

What are mechanical vectors?

A

Passively transmit pathogens present on their body to new hosts.

54
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient.

55
Q

What are signs of a disease?

A

Objectives manifestations of disease observed or measured by others.

56
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

Symptoms and signs that chatacterize a disease or abnormal conditions.

57
Q

What are asympotmatic or subclinical infections?

A

Lack the symptoms but may still have signs of the infection.

58
Q

What is the incubation period?

A

Where there are no signs or symptoms.

59
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

A period where there are vague, general symptoms.

60
Q

What is the illness period?

A

A period where the signs and symptoms are the most severe.

61
Q

What is the decline period?

A

Where signs and symptoms are declining in severity.

62
Q

What is the convalescence period?

A

A period where there are no signs or symptoms again; a second infection is most likely to occur here.

63
Q

What are the ways we track the occurrence of disease?

A

Incidence, prevalence, mortality rate, frequency, geographical distribution.

64
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time.

65
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time.

66
Q

What is the mortality rate?

A

Percentage of people who died from the disease of those who contracted the disease.

67
Q

True of False: Mortality rate can be determined during a pandemic/epidemic.

A

False.

68
Q

What is excess mortality?

A

The number of total deaths above the predicted number of deaths (based off multi-year average).

69
Q

What does descriptive epidemiology do?

A

They take a careful tabulation of data concerning a disease.
They record location and time of the cases of disease.
They collect patient information.
Try to identify the index case of the disease (patient zero).

70
Q

What are the types of healthcare-associated infections?

A

Exogenous, endogenous, iatrogenic, superinfections.

71
Q

What is an exogenous infection?

A

A pathogen acquired from the health care environment.

72
Q

What is an endogenous infection?

A

A pathogen arises from normal microbiota within a patient.

73
Q

What is an iatrogenic infection?

A

Results from modern medicine procedures.

74
Q

What is a superinfection?

A

The use of antimicrobial drugs inhibits some resident microbiota allowing other microbes to thrive.

75
Q

How do we control healthcare-associated infections?

A

Requires aggressive control methods.
Handwashing is the most effective way to reduce healthcare-associated infections.

76
Q

What is the World Health Organization (WHO)?

A

They coordinate public health efforts worldwide.

77
Q

How do public health agencies work to limit disease transmission?

A

Enforce cleanliness of water and food supplies.
Work to reduce disease vectors and reservoirs.
Establish and enforce immunization schedules.
Locate and treat individuals exposed to contagious pathogens.
Establish locations and quarantine measures.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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