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BMS 212 > Chapter 18: Diseases of the Immune System Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Diseases of the Immune System Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Any immune response against a foreign antigen exaggerated beyond the norm.

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2
Q

What is Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity commonly known as?

A

Allergies.

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3
Q

What are Type I hypersensitivities?

A

Localized or systemic reaction that results from the release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen.

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4
Q

How fast do Type I hypersensitivities develop?

A

They develop within seconds or minutes following exposure to an antigen.

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5
Q

What are the antigens that stimulate Type I?

A

Allergens

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6
Q

What antibody causes Type I?

A

IgE that binds to the surface of mast cells via Fc receptors.

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7
Q

What does the second exposure to the allergen cause?

A

Crosslinking the mast cell-bound IgE which causes massive degranulation and histamine release.

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8
Q

What does the histamine release cause?

A

Vasodilation
Acute inflammatory response
Tissue damage
Smooth muscle contraction
Bronchoconstriction (in the lungs)
Asthma

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9
Q

What is Type I associated with?

A

Allergic, atopic and anaphylactic reactions.

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10
Q

How do we desensitize people to allergies?

A

Allergy shots that allow exposure to small amounts of allergen through subcutaneous route leads to the production of IgG over time.

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11
Q

How does the production of IgG stop allergies?

A

The mast cells cannot bind to IgG and binds to the allergin before it can be bound by IgE.

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12
Q

What are Type II hypersensitivities mediated by?

A

IgG or IgM binding to cell surface molecules that activates the cytolytic response by the classic complement cascade or by cellular mechanisms.

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13
Q

When does Type II occur and how do we fix it?

A

It occurs during blood fusions, so we screen fo blood types and take blood typing seriously.

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14
Q

What can Type II cause in newborns?

A

Hemolytic disease when the mother has antibodies against Rh factors that are found in the fetus. We screen for it during pregnancy and can treat it.

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15
Q

What are Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated) Hypersensitivities caused by?

A

They are caused by the formation of immune complexes that trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals.

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16
Q

What can Type III cause?

A

Can cause localized reactions like hypersensitivity pneumonitis and glomerulonephritis.
Can cause systemic reactions like systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

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17
Q

What forms in Type III?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes that often recognize self-antigen.

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18
Q

What happens to the complexes in the body in Type III?

A

They accumulate in certain areas of the body and cause complement irritation.

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19
Q

What do the complexes do?

A

They attract immune cells that together results in inflammation and tissue destruction.

20
Q

In glomerulonephritis, where do the complexes collect?

A

Immune complexes circulating in the bloodstream are deposited in the walls of glomeruli.

21
Q

What does this collection of complexes in the glomeruli do?

A

It causes damage to the glomerular cells and impedes blood filtration.

22
Q

What is the end result of glomerulonephritis?

A

Kidney failure and ultimately death.

23
Q

True or False: The trigger for most autoimmune diseases is well-known and understood.

A

False.

24
Q

Where do complexes collect in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

They are deposited in the joint which causes a release of inflammatory chemicals.

25
Q

What do these inflammatory signals do for people with RA?

A

Their joints begin to break down and become distorted and the damage is progressively more serve.

26
Q

How do you treat RA?

A

Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.

27
Q

What causes the immune complex formation in Lupus?

A

Antibodies against DNA.

28
Q

What other antibodies can occur in Lupus?

A

Antibodies against red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes, and muscle cells.

29
Q

What is the trigger of Lupus?

A

It is unknown, but we believe it has something to do with the failure to remove NETs following an infection.

30
Q

How do we treat Lupus?

A

Treatment with immunosuppressive drugs reduces autoantibody formation.
Treatment with corticosteroids reduces inflammation.

31
Q

When does inflammation occur in Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity?

A

Inflammation occurs 12-24 hours after contact with certain antigens.

32
Q

Why is there a delay in Type IV?

A

Delay reflects the time it takes for macrophages and T cells to migrate to and proliferate at the site of the antigen.

33
Q

What does the inflammation result from in Type IV?

A

Results from the actions of antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and T cells.

34
Q

What person reacts with the Tuberculin Response?

A

Skin exposed to tuberculosis or tuberculosis vaccine reactions with the injection of tuberculin beneath the skin.

35
Q

What is the Tuberculin Response used to test for?

A

Used to diagnose contact with antigens of M. tuberculosis.

36
Q

What happens when a person has not been infected or vaccinated against TB?

A

There is no tuberculin response.

37
Q

What happens when a person has been infected or vaccinated against TB?

A

A red, hard swelling develops in the tuberculin response.

38
Q

What mediates the tuberculin response?

A

The response is mediated by memory T cells that cause a slowly developing inflammation.

39
Q

What is allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Cell-mediated immune response resulting in an intensely irritating skin rash.

40
Q

What is allergic contact dermatitis triggered by?

A

It is triggered by chemically modified skin protein that the body. regards as foreign.

41
Q

What develops in severe cases of allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Acellular, fluid-filled blisters.

42
Q

What can allergic contact dermatitis be caused by?

A

Can be caused by poison ivy, formaldehyde, cosmetics, and chemicals used to produce latex.

43
Q

What can allergic contact dermatitis be treated with?

A

Corticosteroids.

44
Q

What is a graft rejection?

A

Rejection of tissues or organs that have been transplanted.

45
Q

Why are grafts rejected?

A

Grafts perceived as foreign by a recipient undergo rejection.

46
Q

When is a graft more likely to be rejected?

A

The likelihood of rejection depends on the degree to which the graft is foreign to the recipient.
Based on the type of graft.

47
Q

How are grafts rejected?

A

Normal immune response against foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins present on graft cells.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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