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BMS 212 > Chapter 7: Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Microbial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

FtsZ

A

The protein that directs the process of cytokinesis and cell division.

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2
Q

Z Ring

A

Defines the division plate between the two daughter cells; is composed of FtsZ.

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3
Q

Divisome

A

Activates to produce a peptidoglycan cell wall and build a septum that divides the two daughter cells.

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4
Q

Septum

A

Where all of the cells’ outer layers (the cell wall and outer membranes, if present) must be remodeled to complete division.

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5
Q

Generation Time (Doubling Time)

A

The time it takes for the population to double through one round of binary fission.

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6
Q

Closed Culture (Batch Culture)

A

No nutrients are added and most waster is not removed from a culture.

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7
Q

Growth Curve

A

A reproductive growth pattern.

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8
Q

Culture Density

A

The number of cells per unit volume.

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9
Q

Inoculum

A

A small number of cells.

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10
Q

Culture Medium

A

A nutritional broth that supports growth.

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11
Q

Lag Phase

A

Number of cells does not change. Cells grow larger and are metabolically active, synthesizing proteins needed to grow within the medium.

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12
Q

Logarithmic (Log) Growth Phase (Exponential Growth Phase)

A

The cells are actively dividing by binary fission and their number increases exponentially.

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13
Q

Intrinsic Growth

A

The generation time under specific growth conditions (nutrients, temperature, pH, and so forth) is genetically determined.

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14
Q

Stationary Phase

A

The number of new cells created by cell division is now equivalent to the number of cells dying; thus, the total population of living cells is relatively stagnant.

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15
Q

Death Phase

A

When the number of dying cells exceeds the number of dividing cells, leading to an exponential decrease in the number of cells.

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16
Q

Persisters

A

Surviving cells that form endospores.

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17
Q

Direct Microscopic Cell Count

A

The simplest way to count bacteria; involves transferring a known volume of a culture to a calibrated slide and counting the cells under a light microscope.

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18
Q

Petroff-Hausser Chamber

A

A calibrated slide that has counting chambers etched into squares of various sizes.

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19
Q

Hemocytometer

A

A type of slide used to count red blood cells.

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20
Q

Electronic Cell Counting Device (Coulter Counter)

A

Detects and counts changes in electrical resistance in a saline solution.

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21
Q

Viable

A

Live cells.

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22
Q

Viable Plate Count (Plate Count)

A

A count of viable or live cells.

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23
Q

Colony-Forming Units

A

Rather than cells per milliliter because more than one cell may have landed on the same spot to give rise to a single colony.

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24
Q

Serial Dilution

A

The goal is to obtain plates with CFUs in the range of 30-300, and the process usually involves several dilutions.

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25
Q

Turbidity

A

The cloudiness of a sample of bacteria in liquid suspension.

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26
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

The laboratory instrument used to measure turbidity.

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27
Q

Calibration Curve

A

Generated by plotting turbidity as a function of cell density.

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28
Q

Planktonic Cells

A

Free-floating microbial cells that live in an aquatic environment.

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29
Q

Dispersal

A

Cells on the periphery of the biofilm revert to a planktonic lifestyle, sloughing off the mature biofilm to colonize more sites.

30
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

The mechanism by which cells in a biofilm coordinate their activities in response to environmental stimuli.

31
Q

Candle Jar

A

Consists of a jar with a tight-fitting lid that can accommodate the cultures and a candle.

32
Q

Capnophiles

A

Bacteria that grow best in a higher concentration of CO2 and a lower concentration of oxygen present in the atmosphere.

33
Q

Maximum Permissive Oxygen Concentration

A

The highest tolerated concentration of oxygen.

34
Q

Minimum Permissive Oxygen Concentration

A

The lowest concentration of oxygen that allows growth.

35
Q

Optimum Oxygen Concentration

A

The ideal concentration of oxygen for a particular microorganism.

36
Q

Anaerobic Chamber

A

An enclosed box from which all oxygen is removed.

37
Q

Anaerobic Jar

A

Include chemical packs that remove oxygen and release CO2.

38
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Bacteria that require a minimum level of oxygen for growth, about 1%-10%, well below the 21% found in the atmosphere.

39
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

Can’t use the oxygen but can tolerate its presence which is facilitate by enzymes like the superoxide dismutase.

40
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Organisms that thrive in the presence of oxygen but also grow in its absence by relying on fermentation or anaerobic respiration, if there is a suitable electron acceptor other than oxygen and the organism is able to perform anaerobic respiration.

41
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Killed by oxygen.

42
Q

Obligate (Strict) Aerobes

A

Cannot grow without an abundant supply of oxygen.

43
Q

Thioglycolate Medium

A

Contains a low percentage of agar to allow motile bacteria to move throughout the medium.

44
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

Microorganisms that grow best at pH between 8.0 and 10.5.

45
Q

Acidophiles

A

Microorganisms that grow optimally at less than 5.55 pH.

46
Q

Neutrophiles

A

They grow optimally at a pH within one or two pH units of the neutral pH of 7.

47
Q

Maximum Growth pH

A

The highest pH value that an organism can tolerate.

48
Q

Minimum Growth pH

A

The lowest pH value that an organisms can tolerate.

49
Q

Optimum Growth pH

A

The most favorable pH for the growth of an organism.

50
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

Characterized by growth ranges from 80°C to a maximum of 110°C, with some extreme examples that survive temperatures above 121°C.

51
Q

Thermophiles

A

Organisms that grow at optimum temperatures of 50° C to a maximum of 80°C.

52
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Microorganisms that can grow at 0° C and below, have an optimum growth temperature close to 15°C, and usually do not survive at temperatures above 20°C.

53
Q

Psychrotrophs (Psychrotolerant)

A

Prefer cooler environments, from a high temperature of 25°C to refrigeration temperature about 4°C.

54
Q

Mesophiles

A

Adapted to moderate temperatures, with optimal growth temperatures ranging from room temperature (about 20°C) to about 45°C.

55
Q

Maximum Growth Temperature

A

The highest temperature at which the organism can survive and replicate.

56
Q

Minimum Growth Temperature

A

The lowest temperature at which the organism can survive and replicate.

57
Q

Optimum Growth Temperature

A

The temperature range where the organism’s growth rates are the highest.

58
Q

Differential Media

A

Make it easy to distinguish colonies of different bacteria by a change in the color of the colonies or the color of the medium.

59
Q

MacConkey Agar

A

Contains bile salts and crystal violet, which interfere with the growth of many gram-positive bacteria and favor the growth of gram-negative bacteria, particularly the Enterobacteriaceae.

60
Q

Selective Media

A

Media that inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms and support the growth of the organisms of interest by supplying nutrients and reducing competition.

61
Q

Complex Media

A

Contain extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants, the precise chemical composition of the medium is not known.

62
Q

EZ Medium

A

All individual chemical components are identified and the exact amounts of each is known.

63
Q

Chemically Defined Medium

A

When the complete composition of a medium is known.

64
Q

Fastidious Organisms

A

Organisms that cannot make certain nutrients and require them to be added to the medium.

65
Q

Enriched Media

A

Contains growth factors, vitamins, and other essential nutrients to promote the growth of fastidious organisms.

66
Q

Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB)

A

A general all-purpose media and support growth of a large variety of organisms.

67
Q

Halobacteria

A

Use light energy to drive their sodium pumps.

68
Q

Barophiles

A

Microorganisms that require high atmospheric pressure for growth.

69
Q

Water Activity

A

The ratio of the vapor pressure of the medium of interest to the vapor pressure of pure distilled water.

70
Q

Halophiles

A

Require high salt concentrations for growth.

71
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The shrinking of the protoplasm away from the intact cell wall causing cell death.

72
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the solution.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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