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BMS 212 > Chapter 3: The Cell Slides > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Cell Slides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four processes of life?

A

Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Responsiveness

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2
Q

What are the four things that all cells possess?

A

Cytoplasm
Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA

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3
Q

True or False: Viruses are considered alive.

A

False

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4
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplamic membrane?

A

Referred to the phospholipid bilayer and composed of lipids and associated proteins
Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.

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5
Q

What is the current model of the membrane?

A

The fluid mosaic model.

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6
Q

How do the components of the membrane come together?

A

Tails line up together on the inside and heads stick on the outside.

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7
Q

What is the role of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Controlling the entry and exit of substances in the cell.

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8
Q

What is an isotonic solution (no cell wall)?

A

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution. There is no net movement of water particles, and the overall concentration on both sides of the cell membrane remains constant.

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9
Q

What is a hypertonic solution (no cell wall)?

A

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than another solution. Water particles will move out of the cell, causing crenation.

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10
Q

What is a hypotonic solution (no cell wall)?

A

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution. Water particles will move into the cell, causing the cell to expand and eventually lyse.

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11
Q

What is an isotonic solution (with cell wall)?

A

Not net movement of water particles. Cell membrane is attached to cell wall.

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12
Q

What is a hypertonic solution (with cell wall)?

A

Water particles move out of the cell. Cell membrane shrinks and detaches from cell wall (plasmolysis).

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13
Q

What is a hypotonic solution (with cell wall)?

A

Water particles move into the cell. Cell wall counteracts osmotic pressure to prevent swelling and lysis.

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14
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

The solvent moving from low to high concentration with no extra energy or pumps.

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15
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

No energy is needed for diffusion.

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16
Q

What is nonspecific facilitated diffusion?

A

Can allow anything to move through the channel.

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17
Q

What is active transport?

A

Goes against the concentration gradient via a membrane pump that requires energy.

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18
Q

What is a uniport?

A

Uses energy to move just one thing.

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19
Q

What is an antiport?

A

Uses energy to move one thing into the cell and one thing out.

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20
Q

What is coupled transport?

A

Both channels/pumps move together.
Example: a uniport and antiport.

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21
Q

What are prokaryotic ribosomes made of?

A

30S and 50S subunits to make a 70S complete ribosome.
Subunits are made of protein and rRNA components.

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22
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Everywhere in the cell, especially RER.

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23
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S vs 80S.

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24
Q

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

A

It is condensed in the nucleoid.

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25
Q

What is special about how prokaryotes transcribe their DNA?

A

They can transcribe DNA and make proteins simultaneously.

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26
Q

How can a prokaryotes ability to transcribe DNA and make proteins at the same time affect it’s ability to response to the environment?

A

Can mutates quicker
Can reproduce quicker
Can respond to changes in their environment very fast

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27
Q

What comprises the prokaryotic class?

A

Bacteria and archaea.

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28
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes lack various internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes.

A

True.

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29
Q

What are the five different kinds of inclusions in bacteria we spoke about in class?

A

Polyhydroxybutryrate lipid droplets
Volutin granules
Sulfur granules
Gas vacuoles
Magnetosomes

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30
Q

What are polyhydroxybutryrate lipid droplets?

A

They store fat in the cell.

31
Q

What are volutin granules?

A

They help in biofilm formation.

32
Q

What are gas vacuoles?

A

They help the cell with bouancy.

33
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

They help the cell find the poles.

34
Q

What types of organisms are eukaryotes?

A

Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants.

35
Q

True or False: Eukaryotes have internal membrane-bound organelles.

A

True.

36
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Produce most of the cell’s ATP.

37
Q

What is the structure and composition of the mitochondria?

A

Have two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
Interior matrix contains 70S ribosomes and a circular molecule of DNA

38
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Eukaryotes formed from union of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes.

39
Q

What happened to the smaller prokaryotes in the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Smaller prokaryotes became internal
- lost ability to exist independently
- dependent on for aerobic ATP production
- aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondira
- similar origin of chloroplasts

40
Q

What is the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory in mitochondria?

A

Divide by binary fission
Both have their own genome.
Ribosomes more closely resemble prokaryote

41
Q

What is the issue with mitochondrial ribosomes also being 70S?

A

Antibiotics that target/inhibit prokaryote ribosomes inhibit mitochondria ribosomes.

42
Q

What does the mitochondrial genome look like?

A

More closely resembles prokaryotic genome
- single circular DNA (what bacteria have)
- no histones

43
Q

What are the three functions of cell walls?

A

Protection
Structure
Attachement

44
Q

What is the main component of cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

45
Q

What are the two basic types of bacterial cell walls?

A

Gram-positive and gram-negative.

46
Q

What is the difference between gram-negative and gram-positive cells?

A

Gram-positive: lots of peptidoglycan
Gram-negative: little peptidoglycan, LPS

47
Q

What two sugar groups make up peptidoglycan?

A

NAG and NAM groups.

48
Q

What do Gram-positive cells have when it comes to NAG and NAM that Gram-negative cells do not?

A

NAM cross-bridges.
Gram-negatives have direct links.

49
Q

What type of cells have LPS?

A

Gram-negative cells.

50
Q

What is the structure of LPS?

A

O antigen, core, Lipid A
Lipid A is shoved into the outer membrane

51
Q

What part of LPS is an endotoxin?

A

Lipid A.

52
Q

What are the four steps of a Gram stain?

A

Crystal violet
Grams iodine
Acetone/Ethanol wash
Safranin

53
Q

What is a modant?

A

Helps a stain adhere better.

54
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell.

55
Q

What is a glycocalyx composed of?

A

Composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both.

56
Q

What are the functions of a glycocalyx?

A

Allows bacteria to attach to surfaces.
Helps cells not dry out.

57
Q

What are the two main types of glcocalyces?

A

Capsule and slime layer.

58
Q

What is a capsule and what does it do?

A

Firmly attached to cell surface
May prevent bacteria from being recognized by host.

59
Q

What is a slime layer and what does it do?

A

Loosely attached to cell surface.
Water soluble
Sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surface.

60
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

They are responsible for movement.

61
Q

What is the structure of flagella?

A

Tip, filament, hook, basal body

62
Q

What is a monotrichous flagella arrangement?

A

One flagellum at one pole.

63
Q

What is an amphitrichouse flagella arrangement?

A

One flagellum at each pole (2).

64
Q

What is a lophotrichouse flagella arrangement?

A

Many flagella at one pole.

65
Q

What is a peritrichous flagella arrangement?

A

Many flagella all over the cell.

66
Q

How do the flagella move a cell?

A

Run and tumble.

67
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Moving towards the side with a higher concentration.

68
Q

What is the structure of a spirochete and its flagella?

A

Outer membrane, endoflagella, cell membrane.

69
Q

How does a spirochete move?

A

The whole body twists to move.

70
Q

What is a fimbriae and what is its function?

A

Sticky, bristlelike projections that are shorter than flagella.
Used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substances in the environment (biofilms).

71
Q

What is a pili?

A

A special type of fimbriae that is longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella.

72
Q

What does a conjugation pili do?

A

Exchanges genetic information (sex).

73
Q

How many pili does a bacteria cell usually have?

A

One or two per cell.

BMS 212 (24 decks)

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