Chapter 17.5: Vaccines Slides Flashcards
What is variolation?
Infecting people with smallpox scab to induce immunity.
Why did variolation stop in England and America?
Stopped due to risk of death.
What did the Chinese notice about the spread of smallpox?
Once children recovered from the disease, they did not contract it again.
What did Edward Jenner do?
Discovered the process of vaccination.
What did Louis Pasteur do?
Developed a vaccine against Pasteurella multocida.
When did antibody transfer develop?
It developed when it was discovered vaccines protected through the action of antibodies.
What is active immunization?
It means that your body is creating the antibodies.
What is passive immunotherapy?
When the antibodies are created from a source outside the body (another person, animal, hybridoma).
What is natural active immunity?
Adaptive immunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogen.
What is an example of natural active immunity?
The lifelong immunity that develops after recovery from the chickenpox or measles infection.
What is natural passive immunity?
The natural passage of antibodies from a mother to her child before and after birth.
What antibody can cross the placenta and protect the infant up to 6 months after birth?
IgG.
What can be transmitted from mother to infant through breast milk?
IgA.
What is artificial passive immunity?
Refers to the transfer of antibodies produced by a donor (human or animal) to another individual.
What does passive immunization do?
Prevents disease.
Protect immuno-deficient individuals.
Block the action of bacterial toxins.
What do vaccines do?
Create memory B and T cells against pathogens.
Leads to a more robust immune response upon exposure to the pathogen.
Causes the rapid of IgG.
What does a live attenuated vaccine contain?
Pathogens with reduced virulence.
What is attenuation?
The process of reducing virulence?
Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?
The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.
Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?
The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.
Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?
The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.
Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?
The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.
Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?
The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.
What can live attenuated vaccines cause?
A mild infection.
What immunity can live attenuated vaccines cause?
They can provide contact immunity and long-lasting immunity.
Why can these immunities occur through live attenuated vaccines?
The active microbes stimulate a strong immune response.
Why can these immunities occur through live attenuated vaccines?
The active microbes stimulate a strong immune response.
What do subunit vaccines contain?
Antigenic fragments of microbes and adjuvants that help stimulate the immune response.
True or False: Subunit vaccines often require multiple doses to achieve full immunity.
True.
What do toxoid vaccines contain?
Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity that also stimulates antibody-mediated immunity.
Why does the toxoid vaccine need multiple doses?
It requires multiple doses because toxoids possess few antigenic determinants.
What is the toxoid vaccine useful for?
It is useful for some bacterial diseases.
What does the toxoid vaccine do?
It neutralizes the toxins.
What does a conjugate vaccine contain?
A protein conjugates to polysaccharide which makes the polysaccharide more immunogenic resulting in a more robust immune response.
What is a polysaccharide often associated with?
A bacterial glycocalyx.
What is the conjugate vaccine a type of?
It is a type of subunit vaccine.
What is a combination vaccine?
The simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens (multiple vaccines in one dose).
Why do we give combination vaccines?
It makes achieving full vaccination status logistically easier.
What is a recombinant gene technology?
It uses DNA or RNA; the host takes up genetic material and uses it to synthesize antigen.
What is the only vaccine using recombinant gene technology available to the market?
The Covid-19 vaccine which is a mRNA vaccine.
What is passive immunotherapy?
Administration of antiserum that contains preformed antibodies.
What are the three limitations of antisera?
Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness.
Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly.
Individual not protected from subsequent infections.
How are these limitations of antisera overcome?
They are overcome through the development of hybridomas (B cells that secrete antibodies).
What is passive immunotherapy good for?
It is good for people when vaccine isn’t enough.
