Chapter 17.5: Vaccines Slides

Question 1

What is variolation?

Answer 1

Infecting people with smallpox scab to induce immunity.

Question 2

Why did variolation stop in England and America?

Answer 2

Stopped due to risk of death.

Question 3

What did the Chinese notice about the spread of smallpox?

Answer 3

Once children recovered from the disease, they did not contract it again.

Question 4

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 4

Discovered the process of vaccination.

Question 5

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Answer 5

Developed a vaccine against Pasteurella multocida.

Question 6

When did antibody transfer develop?

Answer 6

It developed when it was discovered vaccines protected through the action of antibodies.

Question 7

What is active immunization?

Answer 7

It means that your body is creating the antibodies.

Question 8

What is passive immunotherapy?

Answer 8

When the antibodies are created from a source outside the body (another person, animal, hybridoma).

Question 9

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 9

Adaptive immunity that develops after natural exposure to a pathogen.

Question 10

What is an example of natural active immunity?

Answer 10

The lifelong immunity that develops after recovery from the chickenpox or measles infection.

Question 11

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 11

The natural passage of antibodies from a mother to her child before and after birth.

Question 12

What antibody can cross the placenta and protect the infant up to 6 months after birth?

Answer 12

IgG.

Question 13

What can be transmitted from mother to infant through breast milk?

Answer 13

IgA.

Question 14

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 14

Refers to the transfer of antibodies produced by a donor (human or animal) to another individual.

Question 15

What does passive immunization do?

Answer 15

Prevents disease.
Protect immuno-deficient individuals.
Block the action of bacterial toxins.

Question 16

What do vaccines do?

Answer 16

Create memory B and T cells against pathogens.
Leads to a more robust immune response upon exposure to the pathogen.
Causes the rapid of IgG.

Question 17

What does a live attenuated vaccine contain?

Answer 17

Pathogens with reduced virulence.

Question 18

What is attenuation?

Answer 18

The process of reducing virulence?

Question 19

Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?

Answer 19

The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 20

Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?

Answer 20

The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 20

Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?

Answer 20

The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 21

Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?

Answer 21

The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 22

Why is the live attenuated vaccine a little dangerous?

Answer 22

The modified microbes may retain enough residue virulence to cause disease in susceptible individuals.

Question 23

What can live attenuated vaccines cause?

Answer 23

A mild infection.

Question 24

What immunity can live attenuated vaccines cause?

Answer 24

They can provide contact immunity and long-lasting immunity.

Question 25

Why can these immunities occur through live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 25

The active microbes stimulate a strong immune response.

Question 26

Why can these immunities occur through live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 26

The active microbes stimulate a strong immune response.

Question 27

What do subunit vaccines contain?

Answer 27

Antigenic fragments of microbes and adjuvants that help stimulate the immune response.

Question 28

True or False: Subunit vaccines often require multiple doses to achieve full immunity.

Answer 28

True.

Question 29

What do toxoid vaccines contain?

Answer 29

Chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity that also stimulates antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 30

Why does the toxoid vaccine need multiple doses?

Answer 30

It requires multiple doses because toxoids possess few antigenic determinants.

Question 31

What is the toxoid vaccine useful for?

Answer 31

It is useful for some bacterial diseases.

Question 32

What does the toxoid vaccine do?

Answer 32

It neutralizes the toxins.

Question 33

What does a conjugate vaccine contain?

Answer 33

A protein conjugates to polysaccharide which makes the polysaccharide more immunogenic resulting in a more robust immune response.

Question 34

What is a polysaccharide often associated with?

Answer 34

A bacterial glycocalyx.

Question 35

What is the conjugate vaccine a type of?

Answer 35

It is a type of subunit vaccine.

Question 36

What is a combination vaccine?

Answer 36

The simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens (multiple vaccines in one dose).

Question 37

Why do we give combination vaccines?

Answer 37

It makes achieving full vaccination status logistically easier.

Question 38

What is a recombinant gene technology?

Answer 38

It uses DNA or RNA; the host takes up genetic material and uses it to synthesize antigen.

Question 39

What is the only vaccine using recombinant gene technology available to the market?

Answer 39

The Covid-19 vaccine which is a mRNA vaccine.

Question 40

What is passive immunotherapy?

Answer 40

Administration of antiserum that contains preformed antibodies.

Question 41

What are the three limitations of antisera?

Answer 41

Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness.
Antibodies of antisera are degraded relatively quickly.
Individual not protected from subsequent infections.

Question 42

How are these limitations of antisera overcome?

Answer 42

They are overcome through the development of hybridomas (B cells that secrete antibodies).

Question 43

What is passive immunotherapy good for?

Answer 43

It is good for people when vaccine isn’t enough.