Chapter 1: An Invisible World Slides

Question 1

What are the seven ways microbes can be classified?

Answer 1

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Small multicellular animals
Viruses

Question 2

True or False: There is no place on this earth where microbes cannot exist.

Answer 2

True.

Question 3

What is one of the ways we see prehistoric use and understanding of microbes?

Answer 3

Fermentation.

Question 4

What is the name of the Homosapien found that gave historical information about microbiology?

Answer 4

Otzi the iceman.

Question 5

What was special about Otzi in terms of microbiology?

Answer 5

He was found with microbes that were in and on him to try and heal his diseases.

Question 6

What were some incorrect ideas that our ancestors had when it came to what caused disease?

Answer 6

Vengeful Gods.
Miasmas (Bad air).

Question 7

What were some effective ideas that our ancestors put into place to stop the spread of disease?

Answer 7

Quarantines.
Aquaducts and sewers.

Question 8

What did Hipoccrates do for mocrobiology?

Answer 8

He created the 4 humors system and posited that disease were not caused by God/Gods.

Question 9

What did Thucydides do for microbiology?

Answer 9

Looked at immunity.
Noticed that those who survived diseases did not get sick the next time they were exposed.

Question 10

What did Varro do for microbiology?

Answer 10

Posited that animals so small you cannot see them (microbes) cause disease.

Question 11

What were the 4 main questions being asked during the Golden Age of Microbiology?

Answer 11

Where do microbes come from?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?

Question 12

What were Leeuwenhoek’s major contributions to microbiology?

Answer 12

Made simple microscopes.
Discovered “animalcules” or microorganisms.

Question 13

What did Leeuwenhoek use to discover microbes?

Answer 13

He used simple microscopes that had a lens and a specimen holder.

Question 14

What were the three ways scientists and philosophers of the past thought living things arose from?

Answer 14

Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Nonliving matter

Question 15

Who proposed spontaneous generation?

Answer 15

Aristotle

Question 16

What was Redi’s major contribution to microbiology?

Answer 16

He disproved spontaneous generation of large animals.

Question 17

How did Redi’s experiment work?

Answer 17

Redi had 6 jars: 2 with uncovered meat, 2 with meat covered by a cheese cloth, 2 with completely covered meat.
The 2 uncovered had maggots, the 4 covered did not.
Therefore spontaneous generation does not exist,

Question 18

What did Spallanzani do?

Answer 18

He concluded that microorganisms exist in the air therefore spontaneous generation of microbes does not exist.

Question 19

How did Spallanzani’s experiment work?

Answer 19

He has two heated flasks covered and uncovered.
The uncovered grew microbes the covered did not until it was uncovered.

Question 20

What did Pasteur contribute to microbiology?

Answer 20

He is known as the Father of Microbiology
Developed the germ theory of disease
Proved air was not a “life source” for spontaneous generation, but there are microorganisms in the air.
Invented pasteurization
Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax in humans and animals.

Question 21

What developed the scientific method?

Answer 21

The debate over spontaneous generation.

Question 22

What was Pasteur’s experiment with a gun and cotton?

Answer 22

He filtered air through a gun-cotton filter and, upon examination of the cotton, found it full of microorganisms.
Suggested that the exposure of broth to air was not introduction to a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne microorganisms.

Question 23

What was Pasteur’s experiment with curved-neck flasks?

Answer 23

He made flasks with long, twisted necks which allowed air inside the flasks to be exchanged with air from the outside, but prevented the introduction of any airborne microorganisms.

Question 24

What did pasteurization lead to?

Answer 24

The field of industrial microbiology which was the intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products.

Question 25

What did Koch study?

Answer 25

The causative agents of disease (etiology).

Question 26

What was Koch’s major contribution to microbiology?

Answer 26

He was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe responsible for a given disease.

Question 27

What are Koch’s postulates?

Answer 27

The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in heath organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a disease organisms and grown in a pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experiment host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Question 28

What were some techniques used in Koch’s experiments?

Answer 28

Simple staining techniques
First photomicrograph of bacteria
First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
Techniques for estimating bacterial number in a solution
Use of steam to sterilize growth media
Use of Petri dishes
Bacteria as distinct species

Question 29

What were Semmelweis’s major contributions to microbiology?

Answer 29

Pioneered antiseptic procedures
Known as “the savior of mothers”
Pioneered hand-washing

Question 30

What were Semmelweis’s experiments?

Answer 30

Saw medical students performing autopsies and then helping mothers give birth.
Semmelweis believed they carried the diseases of the dead to the birthing room.
He proposed hand-washing and deaths dropped significantly.
People were not quick to accept this new idea (pride reasons).

Question 31

What were Lister’s major contributions to microbiology?

Answer 31

Pioneered antiseptic surgery through the use of phenol.
Decreased post-surgery infections.

Question 32

What were Lister’s experiments?

Answer 32

Used phenol and hand washing to make surgeries as clean as possible.

Question 33

What were Nightingale’s major contributions to microbiology?

Answer 33

Introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing
Decreased mortality rates of soldiers during the Crimean War
Founded the Nightengale School for Nurses (first nursing school).

Question 34

What were Nightengale’s experiments?

Answer 34

Hand-washing.
Bandages need to be cleaned before and after use.

Question 35

What were Snow’s major contributions to microbiology?

Answer 35

Father of modern day epidemiology
Conducted studies to track the source of Cholera outbreaks in London.

Question 36

What is epidemiology?

Answer 36

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

Question 37

What were Snow’s experiments?

Answer 37

Found two sources of water that were the reason for the cholera outbreak.

Question 38

What were Elrich’s major contributions to microbiology?

Answer 38

If stans could color microbes differently, chemicals could kill microbes differently.
Arsenic-based drug that treated syphilis
Chemotherapy

Question 39

What were Jenner’s contributions to microbiology?

Answer 39

Pioneered the smallpox vaccine.

Question 40

What were Jenner’s experiments?

Answer 40

Jenner inoculated a boy with cowpox.
The boy got cowpox
Jenner inoculated the boy with smallpox
The boy did not get smallpox