Chapter 1: An Invisible World Slides Flashcards
What are the seven ways microbes can be classified?
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Small multicellular animals
Viruses
True or False: There is no place on this earth where microbes cannot exist.
True.
What is one of the ways we see prehistoric use and understanding of microbes?
Fermentation.
What is the name of the Homosapien found that gave historical information about microbiology?
Otzi the iceman.
What was special about Otzi in terms of microbiology?
He was found with microbes that were in and on him to try and heal his diseases.
What were some incorrect ideas that our ancestors had when it came to what caused disease?
Vengeful Gods.
Miasmas (Bad air).
What were some effective ideas that our ancestors put into place to stop the spread of disease?
Quarantines.
Aquaducts and sewers.
What did Hipoccrates do for mocrobiology?
He created the 4 humors system and posited that disease were not caused by God/Gods.
What did Thucydides do for microbiology?
Looked at immunity.
Noticed that those who survived diseases did not get sick the next time they were exposed.
What did Varro do for microbiology?
Posited that animals so small you cannot see them (microbes) cause disease.
What were the 4 main questions being asked during the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Where do microbes come from?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
What were Leeuwenhoek’s major contributions to microbiology?
Made simple microscopes.
Discovered “animalcules” or microorganisms.
What did Leeuwenhoek use to discover microbes?
He used simple microscopes that had a lens and a specimen holder.
What were the three ways scientists and philosophers of the past thought living things arose from?
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Nonliving matter
Who proposed spontaneous generation?
Aristotle
What was Redi’s major contribution to microbiology?
He disproved spontaneous generation of large animals.
How did Redi’s experiment work?
Redi had 6 jars: 2 with uncovered meat, 2 with meat covered by a cheese cloth, 2 with completely covered meat.
The 2 uncovered had maggots, the 4 covered did not.
Therefore spontaneous generation does not exist,
What did Spallanzani do?
He concluded that microorganisms exist in the air therefore spontaneous generation of microbes does not exist.
How did Spallanzani’s experiment work?
He has two heated flasks covered and uncovered.
The uncovered grew microbes the covered did not until it was uncovered.
What did Pasteur contribute to microbiology?
He is known as the Father of Microbiology
Developed the germ theory of disease
Proved air was not a “life source” for spontaneous generation, but there are microorganisms in the air.
Invented pasteurization
Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax in humans and animals.
What developed the scientific method?
The debate over spontaneous generation.
What was Pasteur’s experiment with a gun and cotton?
He filtered air through a gun-cotton filter and, upon examination of the cotton, found it full of microorganisms.
Suggested that the exposure of broth to air was not introduction to a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne microorganisms.
What was Pasteur’s experiment with curved-neck flasks?
He made flasks with long, twisted necks which allowed air inside the flasks to be exchanged with air from the outside, but prevented the introduction of any airborne microorganisms.
What did pasteurization lead to?
The field of industrial microbiology which was the intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products.
What did Koch study?
The causative agents of disease (etiology).
What was Koch’s major contribution to microbiology?
He was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe responsible for a given disease.
What are Koch’s postulates?
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in heath organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a disease organisms and grown in a pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experiment host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
What were some techniques used in Koch’s experiments?
Simple staining techniques
First photomicrograph of bacteria
First photograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
Techniques for estimating bacterial number in a solution
Use of steam to sterilize growth media
Use of Petri dishes
Bacteria as distinct species
What were Semmelweis’s major contributions to microbiology?
Pioneered antiseptic procedures
Known as “the savior of mothers”
Pioneered hand-washing
What were Semmelweis’s experiments?
Saw medical students performing autopsies and then helping mothers give birth.
Semmelweis believed they carried the diseases of the dead to the birthing room.
He proposed hand-washing and deaths dropped significantly.
People were not quick to accept this new idea (pride reasons).
What were Lister’s major contributions to microbiology?
Pioneered antiseptic surgery through the use of phenol.
Decreased post-surgery infections.
What were Lister’s experiments?
Used phenol and hand washing to make surgeries as clean as possible.
What were Nightingale’s major contributions to microbiology?
Introduced antiseptic techniques into nursing
Decreased mortality rates of soldiers during the Crimean War
Founded the Nightengale School for Nurses (first nursing school).
What were Nightengale’s experiments?
Hand-washing.
Bandages need to be cleaned before and after use.
What were Snow’s major contributions to microbiology?
Father of modern day epidemiology
Conducted studies to track the source of Cholera outbreaks in London.
What is epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
What were Snow’s experiments?
Found two sources of water that were the reason for the cholera outbreak.
What were Elrich’s major contributions to microbiology?
If stans could color microbes differently, chemicals could kill microbes differently.
Arsenic-based drug that treated syphilis
Chemotherapy
What were Jenner’s contributions to microbiology?
Pioneered the smallpox vaccine.
What were Jenner’s experiments?
Jenner inoculated a boy with cowpox.
The boy got cowpox
Jenner inoculated the boy with smallpox
The boy did not get smallpox
