chapter 9: manipulating the independent variable

Question 1

straightforward manipulation

Answer 1

The independent variable is manipulated using clear instructions, such as a written script, video, or computer instructions (it is transparent; no deception)

Question 2

staged manipulation

Answer 2

The independent variable is manipulated using instructions, but deception is used or perhaps a confederate (also know as an accomplice). This type of manipulation is also called “event manipulation.” Used more often.

Question 3

confederate/accomplice

Answer 3

someone who appears as a participant in an experiment but is actually part of the manipulation

Question 4

experimental realism

Answer 4

when a study engagess and involves partcipants in this deep way, it is often easier to have high experimental realism in staged rather than straghtforward manipulation

Question 5

manipulation strength

Answer 5

esstientally this means making the idependent variable maximally different, while keeping everything else between the two groups the same.

Question 6

what are three ways to measure the dependent variable?

Answer 6

self-report measure, behavior measure, and physiological measure

Question 7

self-report measure

Answer 7

Participant reports on their own thoughts, behaviour, actions

Question 8

behavior measure

Answer 8

Researcher observes and repots on behaviour

Question 9

psychological measure

Answer 9

Research records a bodily response (ex. Electrocardiogram)

Question 10

demand characteritic

Answer 10

a demand characteristic is any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study

Question 11

filler items

Answer 11

items included in a questionnair measure to help disguise the true puprose of the measure

Question 12

placebo effct

Answer 12

If a group of participants know they may or may not receive a medication to help them sleep, the group that does not receive the medication may report that they sleep better. This is called a placebo effect as their feelings may not be based on the drug administers, just the idea that they are receiving a drug. To compensate for this problem, a placebo group of participants will be organized and they will receive a placebo or harmless water pill. The placebo group’s response is compared to that in the experiment group

Question 13

experimenter bias/

Answer 13

expectancy effects may occur whenever the experimenter knows which condition the participants are in

Question 14

single-bind procedure

Answer 14

the participant is unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administer

Question 15

double blind procedure

Answer 15

neither the participant nor experimenter knows whether the placebo or actual treatment is being

Question 16

pilot study

Answer 16

in which the reasercher does a “trail run” which a small number of particpants drawn from the same population the sample he or she ultimately hopes test

Question 17

manipulation check

Answer 17

is an attempt to directly measure whether the independent variable manipulation has the intended effect on the partipcations. manipulation checks provide evidence for construct validity.

Question 18

what are two advantages of the manipulation check?

Answer 18

1. if the check in the pilot study shows that your mainpulation was not effective, you have saced the expense of running the actual experiment2. if you get non0sginifigant results- that is, if the results indcate that no relationship exists between the indpendent and dependent variable

Question 19

devriefing

Answer 19

explanation of the purposes of the research that is givien to partipants following their particpation in the research