Chapter 1

Question 1

How do we get knowledge?

Answer 1

1. Intuition
2. Authority
3. Scientific Approach

Question 2

What is Intuition?

Answer 2

Intuition is based on the idea that one knows something because one simply knows it (no doubt about it)

Question 3

What is Authority?

Answer 3

The second way one gathers knowledge is by appealing to some sort of authority

Question 4

Scientific Approach

Answer 4

Instead, the scientific approach demands that all knowledge must be observed or tested from a logical, unbiased, and rational manner

Question 5

Acording to Goldstein what are four guiding points for the scientific process?

Answer 5

1. Replication
2. Discover
3. Free exchange
4. Peer Review

Question 6

Pseudoscience

Answer 6

A pseudoscience means a field study that may use scientific terminology but does not follow the scientific method leading to inaccurate claims

Question 7

Theory

Answer 7

A theory is a system of ideas used to explain a behaviour or phenomenon. It is used to explain and help researchers discover new facts (p. 20)

Question 8

What are four goals of scientific reasearch is the field of psychology?

Answer 8

Description
Prediction
Causation (Covariation of Cause and Effect, Temporal Precedence, and Alternative Explanation must all occur see p. 9)
Understand and Explain

Question 9

What is Applied Research?

Answer 9

Applied research (problem-driven) is interested in addressing practical issues (more pragmatic). An example would be treating veterans who are suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome

Question 10

What is basic research?

Answer 10

(curiosity-driven) is interested in understanding behaviour in general (more theoretical). An example cognition, childhood development, memory, and learning acquisition

Question 11

What are the tools for the reasearch process?

Answer 11

Abstract 
Statement of Issue/Problem
Literature Review
Methodology 
Results 
Discussion

Question 12

What is a Abstract?

Answer 12

An abstract appears at the beginning of a report or scholarly article
It is essentially a brief summary of the article (usually no more than 120 words in length)
The abstract will state the problem, the hypothesis, the methodology, and the results

Question 13

Statement of Issue/Problem

Answer 13

Following the abstract (which is usually in italics at the top of the paper), the author is expected to state the issue or problem at hand
The author then presents his/her hypothesis or hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement or explanation that the author believes to be true (may not turn out to be true)
A hypothesis proposes a relationship between two or more variables

Question 14

Literature Review

Answer 14

The literature review surveys the research that has already been completed on this subject
In addition to surveying the literature, the literature review should then move to “make room” for your research
In other words, it should address how the literature is lacking and how you research seeks to “fill the gap”
Remember to use scholarly sources (p. 27)

Question 15

Methodology

Answer 15

The methodology refers to how the researcher intends to prove the hypothesis (the process)
If the researcher is using interviews, then a discussion of the participant pool is necessary

Question 16

Results

Answer 16

The results section showcases the data typically through the use of statistics, graphs, tables, and charts
The results section should be bias-free (save your comments for the discussion section)

Question 17

Discussion

Answer 17

The discussion section is where the researcher explains the results presented in the previous section
The hypothesis is then addressed as to whether it was correct or incorrect
If the hypothesis was correct, explain why
If the hypothesis was incorrect, explain why
You may also want to discuss how this study can be replicated for future studies

Question 18

What are some search enchines for research?

Answer 18

PsychInfo, Web of Science, Wikepeida

Question 19

Covariation of cause and effect

Answer 19

when the cuase is present, the effect occcurs; when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur

Question 20

temporal precedence

Answer 20

There is a temporal order of events in which the cuase precedes the effect

Question 21

alternative explaing

Answer 21

parts of causal inference; a potential alternative cause of an observed relationship between vairable

Question 22

Empiricism

Answer 22

use of objective observations to answer a question about the natre of behavior

Question 23

program eveluation

Answer 23

reasearch designed to evaluate programs ( ie, social reforms, innovations) that are designed to produce certain changes or outcomes in a target population

Question 24

scientific skepticism

Answer 24

the cncept that ideas must be evaluated on the basis of careful ogic and results from scientific investigations

Question 25

parisomony

Answer 25

the scientific principle stating that if two theories are equally deffective at explaining a phenomenon, the simpler of the two theoriesis preferable

Question 26

falsifiabilityq

Answer 26

the principle that a good scientific idea or theory should be capable of being shown to be false when tested using scientific methos

Question 27

falsifiable

Answer 27

capable of being shown to be false when test using scientific methods; a good scientific idea or theory should be falsifiability