Chapter 11: Single case, Quasi-Experimental and developmental research

Question 1

single case experimental designs/ single participant designs

Answer 1

singe case experiments were developed from a need to determine whether an experimental manipulation had an effect on a single research partcipant

Question 2

baseline

Answer 2

in a single case design, the participants behaviour during a control period before introduction of the manipulation

Question 3

reversal design/ ABA design/ withdrawal design

Answer 3

a single case design in which the treatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn during a second baseline period. It may be exteneded by adding a secon introduction of the treatment.

Question 4

What can aprove an ABA design

Answer 4

by turning it into a ABAB or an ABABAB, which introduces the experiment a second or third time

Question 5

multiple baseline design

Answer 5

observing behaviour before and after a manipulatio under multiple circumstances

Question 6

what does a multiple baseline across subjects look like?

Answer 6

the behaviour of several subjects is measure over time; for each subject, the behavior of several subjects is measred over time

Question 7

what does a multiple baseline across behaviours mean?

Answer 7

several different behaviours of a single subject are measured oer time. At different times, the same manipualtion is applied to each of the behaviours

Question 8

what does a multiple baseline across situations

Answer 8

in which the same behaviour is measured in different settings, such as at home and at work

Question 9

Program evaluation

Answer 9

is research on programs that are proposed and implemented to achieve some positive effect on a group of individuals

Question 10

what are 5 types of questions that are needed in program evaluations?

Answer 10

the needs assesments, program theory, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, and the efficenc assement

Question 11

what is the needs assement question for program evaluation?

Answer 11

asks whether there re, in fact, problems that need to b eaddressed in a traget population

Question 12

what is the program theory program evaluation?

Answer 12

a type of program evaluation that adresses the program theory. the assesment of program theory may invovle the collaboration of researchers, service providers, and prospectiv clients of the program to determine that the proposed program does in fact address the needs of the target population in apporpriate ways

Question 13

process evaluation in program evaluation

Answer 13

when the program is under way the evaluation researcher monitors it to determine whether it is reaching the target population, whether it is attracting enough clients, and whether the staff is providing the planned services

Question 14

outcome evaluation in program evluation

Answer 14

are the inteded outcomes of the program being realized? To determine this, the evluation researcher must divise way of mesauring the outcome and then study the impact of the program on the outcome measure

Question 15

efficienct assesment

Answer 15

once it is shown that a program does have its inteded effect reassearchers must determine whether it is “worth it”

Question 16

Quasi experimental designs

Answer 16

address the need to study the effect of an idnependet variable in settings in which the control of true experimental designs cannot be achieved

Question 17

what are some of the Quasi-experimental design?

Answer 17

one-group posttest-onl desgin, one-group pretest-posttest design

Question 18

one-group posttest only desing

Answer 18

lacks a crucial element of a true experiment: a control or comparison group

Question 19

one-group pretest- posttest design

Answer 19

sounds fine relative to the one-group posttest only design, there are still some major probless with it

Question 20

history

Answer 20

refers to any event that occurs between the first and second measurements but is not part of the manipulation

Question 21

history effects

Answer 21

can be caused by virtually any confoudning event that ccur during or after the experimental manipulation, but before the posttest

Question 22

maturation effect

Answer 22

any changes that occur systematically over time

Question 23

testing effects

Answer 23

become a problem if simply taking hte pretest changes the particpants behaviour

Question 24

instrument decay

Answer 24

sometimes the basic characteristics of the measuring instrument or the way particpants use it, chane over time

Question 25

regression toward the mean

Answer 25

is likely to occur wheever participatns are selected to particpate becase they score exteremely high or low on some variable

Question 26

non-equivalent control group design

Answer 26

employs a seperate control group, but the partcipants in the two conditions- the experimental gorup and the contrast group- are not equivalent because the partcipants were not randomly assigned

Question 27

slection difference

Answer 27

usually occurs when participants who form the two groups in the experiment are chosen from existing natural gorups

Question 28

non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design

Answer 28

a quasi-experimental design in which non-equivalent groups of partcipants participate in the differnt experimental groups, and there is no prest

Question 29

interupted time series design

Answer 29

A design in which the effectiveness of a treatment is determined by examining a series of measurements made over an extended time period both before and afterr the treatment is introduced. The treatment is not introduced at random point in time

Question 30

control series design

Answer 30

an extension of th einterrupted time series quasi-experimental design in which there is a comparison or control group

Question 31

longitudinal method

Answer 31

the same group of people o pbserved at different points in time as they grow older

Question 32

cross-sectional method

Answer 32

persons of different ages are studied at only one point in time

Question 33

cohort effects

Answer 33

a group of people born at about the same time and exposed to the same ocietal event; chort effects are confounded with age in a cross-sectional stdy

Question 34

sequential method

Answer 34

a combination of the corss sectional and longitudinal designs to study developmental research qeustions