Chapter 2

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

Ethics is essentially about what is morally right and wrong or good and bad

Question 2

Freud

Answer 2

or the deliberate fabrication or falsification of data, is entirely unethical

Question 3

Plagiarism

Answer 3

or using another’s work or words as your own without noting the true source, is entirely unethical

Question 4

Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)

Answer 4

The TCPS policy governs the ethical treatment of human participants in research
The Tri-Council is composed of three federally-funded research bodies, including the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)

Question 5

What are the core issues that define TCPS?

Answer 5

Respect
Concern
Justice

Question 6

1. Respect

Answer 6

The key to the respect principle is the notion that all participants have the right to freely participate in this study without coercion
In addition, the participants must be provided with detailed information not only about their role they will take on as participants, but also about the entire study
This information is conveyed to them through the use of an informed consent form

Question 7

Informed Consent Form

Answer 7

The informed consent form needs to begin by stating that “you are being asked to participate in a research study.” Then explain who you are, mention your project title, the purpose of this work, requirements to participate, duration or time commitment involved, benefits or incentives (if any), privacy issues, possible discomfort, risks involved, tape-recorded or not, how the collected data will be stored and for how long
At the end of the form, have a place for the participant and the researcher (you) to sign and date. Use the date format of (dd-mm-yyyy) to avoid confusion

Question 8

Vulnerable Groups

Answer 8

In studies that involve children (minors), the elderly, those with mental difficulties, an extra degree of care must be taken by the researcher
In these cases, informed consent may need to be supplemented with letters of permission from parents, guardians, or caregivers
Also, vulnerable groups can include religious, ethnic, and sexual minorities. The researcher will need to make additional provisions

Question 9

Deception

Answer 9

In some cases, it is believed that if the participant knows he or she is being watched, then they will behave differently (reactivity)
Therefore, in order to avoid this problem, some researchers believe it necessary to use deception, where they either hide the true nature of the project or do not inform their participants that they are being studied

Question 10

2. Concern

Answer 10

The notion of concern revolves around the participants and the level of risk that they may be subjected to in the course of the research
The goal is to minimize risk will maximizing benefits to the participant (p. 42). This is called the “risk-benefit analysis” (p. 42)
The risk must be compared with the benefits (financial compensation, bonus marks, etc…)

Question 11

Risks

Answer 11

There are many different types of risk that a participant can suffer during the course of the research project, including psychological (participation may trigger a traumatic, past experience), physical (participant may become physically sick or be exposed to long-term effects), and financial (participant my lose job as a result of their participation) risks.

Question 12

3. Justice

Answer 12

In completing a research design, there must be a legitimate reason for focusing a certain group (based on religion, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, sex, and nationality)
The benefits and risks must be shared equally among all participants (not a certain subset)
The TCPS requires that research conducted with members of Aboriginal groups have some sort of benefit to these communities

Question 13

REBs

Answer 13

In order to receive funding from these research bodies, each university must have a Research Ethics Board (REB) that reviews and supervises all research projects on campus
There is also research that does not require REB approval, such as observing people in a public setting without any form of engagement

Question 14

Confederate

Answer 14

a person posing as a particpant in an experiment who is actually part of the epxeriment

Question 15

Confidential

Answer 15

princple that information is kept private; disclosure is limited onl to the miminmium number of peope neccassary

Question 16

debreifing

Answer 16

explaination of the purposes of the resaerch that is given to participants following their participation in the reasrch

Question 17

minimal risk research

Answer 17

reasearch that involves no greater risks to partcipants than they would encounter in their daily lives

Question 18

risk-benfit analysis

Answer 18

a reasearcher’s or REB’s evaluation of the potential hazzards of conducting a study, weighed again the potential benefitis to partcipants and to societies

Question 19

Three Rs

Answer 19

in animal research, the principles of replacement( avoid using anials if possible), reductions ( minimmize the number of animals used), and refinement ( modify procdures to minimize distress)