Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development Flashcards

Question

Egocentrism

Answer 1

Unable to take the perspective of others Preoperational

Answer 2

Objects can be changed and returned back to their original form or condition Concrete Operational

Answer 3

An individuals' moral reasoning evolves through a series of stages based on social interactions and experiences ; 3 levels, each with 2 stages:

Answer 4

Moral reasoning is based on individual interests and the consequences of actions Obedience and Punishment Individual Interest

Answer 5

Individuals adhere to societal norms and laws Interpersonal - relationship with people Authority

Answer 6

Higher-order thinking about moral principles and values Social Contract Universal Ethics Kohlberg argues that not many people achieve this. The stages aren’t linear

Answer 7

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 8

discontinuous

Answer 9

one course (can switch stages but is bound to the levels)

Answer 10

nurture because it’s based on social interactions of experiences

Answer 11

1. Trust that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met Dependent on parents 0-1

Answer 12

2. Develop a sense of independence in many tasks Kids being more picky with food and clothes 1-3

Answer 13

3. Take initiative on some activities - may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped Talking to people outside of family Shame for ideas will mess with future abilities to lead 3-6

Answer 14

4. Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or a sense of inferiority when not confident in abilities. Need to fit in. Self esteem age. Compared to others 7-11

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5. Experiment with and develop identity and roles who am i? sense of self 7-11

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6. Establish intimacy and relationships with others wanting to share your life with others depends on last two stages being fulfilled meaningful connections 19-29

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7. Contribute to society and be part of a family contributing to society feel envy or lack of purpose 30-64

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8. Assess and make sense of life and the meaning of contributions look back at life if they feel satisfied with where they are in life despair and wasted time 65+

Answer 19

Learn through sensory input and physical actions * Object permanence: Understanding that even if something’s out of sight, it still exists * Stranger anxiety * 0-2

Answer 20

Use symbols and language but struggle with others' perspectives * Understand there’s a difference but don’t get the logic why * EX: kid video * Pretend play * Language development * Egocentrism: Unable to take the perspective of others * 2-6

Answer 21

Understand concrete events and analogies logically * Mathematical transformations * Reversibility: Objects can be changed and returned back to their original form or condition * 7-11

Answer 22

Develop abstract and hypothetical reasoning skills * Abstract logic * Moral reasoning * (Adolescence) Renewed egocentrism * 12+

Answer 23

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation * Rooting reflex - turning checks * Suckling * Grasping * Moro - limbs out if they feel like they’re falling. Head below the body

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Vision - preference for faces Hearing - prefer human voices & mother’s voices over a stranger’s * Test with sucking of pacifiers Smell - can distinguish the smell of their mother from that of others

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Rapid physical development * Weight doubles in six months, triples in one year, quadruples in two: 5/10 → 20/40 Growth is NOT steady * Slows between 4-6 years * Around 8-9, girls outpace boys: By 10, girls weigh ~88 and boys ~85

Answer 26

Blooming: The rapid formation of new connections between neurons Pruning: The reduction of neural connections to increase efficiency

Answer 27

Motor skills: Movements that involve muscles and coordination. Fine motor skills: Small, precise movements, like writing. Gross motor skills: Large movements, like walking or jumping.

Answer 28

A long-standing connection or bond with others. How do parent and infant attachment bonds form? How does neglect affect these bonds? What accounts for children’s attachment differences?

Answer 29

Believed attachment was an all-or-nothing process Secure base: A parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings * Caregiver must be responsive to the child’s physical, social, and emotional needs * The caregiver must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions

Answer 30

Believed there were differences in attachment (because of the monkey experiment) Strange Situation: Research method used to observe how infants react to being briefly left with a stranger and then reunited with their caregiver. * Identified three types of parent-child attachments * Now used to assess the child's attachment style

Answer 31

A strong, healthy bond where the child uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration and comfort. * The child may become upset when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted when they return. * Caregiver is good

Answer 32

A pattern where the child avoids closeness or emotional connection with the caregiver, suppressing their need for comfort. * The child shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoids them upon return, often ignoring them. * The child has learned to be emotionally dependent because the caregiver may be emotionally unavailable

Answer 33

An anxious attachment style where the child is overly dependent on the caregiver but also resists their attempts to comfort. * The child becomes very distressed when the caregiver leaves and is difficult to comfort when they return, showing both clinginess and anger * The child is unsure if the caregiver will respond to needs to they’re upset

Answer 34

A disoriented and unpredictable attachment style where the child lacks a clear strategy for seeking comfort, often due to trauma or neglect. * The child shows confused or contradictory behavior, such as approaching the caregiver but then freezing or running away. * Child experience inconsistent or frightening caregiving. They don’t know how to respond

Answer 35

The understanding and perception a person has of themselves, including their beliefs, feelings, and thoughts about their own identity, abilities, and characteristics

Answer 36

red dot on baby’s nose and place in front of the mirror. If they wipe it off they have a sense of self.

Answer 37

The overall approach and strategies that parents use to raise and guide their children * Can be affected by culture

Answer 38

combines firm rules with warmth and responsiveness, encouraging independence while maintaining clear expectations. * Best way to parent

Answer 39

A strict, controlling approach focused on obedience and discipline, with little warmth or flexibility. * Restrained and submissive children

Answer 40

A lenient approach where parents are nurturing but set few boundaries, allowing children considerable freedom. * Grow up to lack a lot of self-discipline

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A detached or indifferent approach where parents provide little guidance, attention, or emotional support. * Neglect situations * Children will be emotionally withdrawn, fearful, anxious, perform poorly in school

Answer 42

an individual’s innate personality traits, including emotional reactivity, activity level, and mood, which influence how they interact with the world. * Parenting styles will affect how parents interact with children. * If a child has a worse temperament, then the parents will be more strict

Answer 43

The period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood. ~12 – 18 years

Answer 44

The physical features directly involved in reproduction that are present at birth which develop and mature during puberty * Ovaries and testes

Answer 45

The physical traits that emerge during puberty that are not directly involved in reproduction. * Breast development * Changes in body shape * Facial hair and hair distribution * Voice

Answer 46

Primary and Secondary sexual characteristics develop and mature: Rapid Increase in height Brain still under development – growth spurt in frontal cortex

Answer 47

Complex thinking abilities: * Concrete thinking * Abstract thought (formal operational) * Consider multiple points of view * Imagine hypothetical situations * Debate ideas and opinions * Form new ideas * Question authority and/or challenge established societal norms

Answer 48

The ability to understand and recognize another person's thoughts, feelings, and perspective. ~13 girls, ~15 boys * Supportive fathers led to increased cognitive empathy

Answer 49

Identity vs Confusion Who am I? Who do I want to be? Important to form an identity so you can form emotional bonds later

Answer 50

The period of intense emotional and psychological upheaval that many adolescents experience during their teenage years * Portrayed stronger in media * Relationship with parents typically stay pretty strong

Answer 51

Early: 20 to early 40s * Physical maturation complete * Physical abilities at their peak: muscle strength, reaction time, cardiac functioning, sensory abilities Middle: 40s to the mid-60s * Physical decline is gradual * Skin loses elasticity * Gradual decline in fertility * Weight gain in abdominal area (men) and thighs (women) * Hair thins and grays Late: Mid-60s to the end of life * Skin continues to lose elasticity * Physical abilities decrease: muscle strength and reaction time * Senses (smell, taste, hearing, vision) have a sharp decline * Brain no longer functioning at optimal levels (memory loss, dementia)

Answer 52

”A reason for being” * A Japanese concept that describes having a sense of purpose * Suggested to contribute to the increased life expectancy for the people of Okinawa

Answer 53

Passion: What you love & what you’re good at Mission: What you love & what the world needs Vocation: What the world needs & what you can be paid for Profession: What you’re good at & what you can be paid for Ikigai: All of the above

Answer 54

The ability to use learned knowledge and experience to solve problems and make decisions – IMPROVES Cognitive abilities remain steady throughout early and middle adulthood

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The capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge * Mental and physical activity can slow the process Cognitive abilities decline in late adulthood

Answer 56

Activities, social connectedness, culture Work satisfaction is more closely tied to work that involves other people * More satisfaction with social affect Raising children is difficult but rewarding * Adult children have a positive effect on parental wellbeing

Answer 57

As individuals age, their perspective on time changes, leading them to prioritize emotional well-being and meaningful relationships

Answer 58

Culture and individual backgrounds

Answer 59

Some celebrate death as a continuation of life: Día de los Muertos Some view death as a somber event that requires mourning and rituals

Answer 60

Religions provide frameworks for understanding the afterlife

Answer 61

People who’ve experiences loss have a profound understanding of grief

Answer 62

Individualism (personal journey) vs Collectivism (shared mourning)

Answer 63

Some cultures encourage open conversations Some view discussions of death as taboo