Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotions Flashcards
Motivation
The wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Intrinsic
Arising from internal factors
* Autonomy, mastery, purpose
Stronger than extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic
Arising from external factors
* Compensation, punishment, reward
Turning something intrinsic to extrinsic could lead to overjustification effect
Overjustification effect
When external rewards reduce a person’s intrinsic motivation to do something they already enjoy
External motivation seems to diminish intrinsic motivation
* Dependence on extrinsic rewards for continued performance
* Intrinsic motivation may be increased with external reinforcement
Type of external reinforcement
Physical and verbal
Physical reinforcement
reduce internal motivation
Verbal reinforcement
inctreases internal motivation
Expectation of external reward
Expectation - less likely to be motivated to do it
No expectation - sudden reward leads to wanting to do it again
Culture on Motivation
Collectivistic - benefit from external rewards
Individualistic - benefit from internal motivation
Environment affects motivation
Belonging, respect, doability - leads to higher motivation
Drive Reduction Theory
- Motivation arises from biological needs (e.g., hunger) that create internal drives
- Behavior is directed towards reducing these drives and achieving homeostasis
- Most simple and direct
Arousal Theory
People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal (excitement or stimulation)
Too much or too little arousal can decrease motivation and performance
* Anxiety vs boredom
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
Motivation is driven by the fulfillment of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization
Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level psychological and self-fulfillment needs
Most complex and has a lot of moving parts
Criticisms of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
How does altruism fall into this?
He came back with self-transcendence and said that people typically function in this pyramid but if there’s an external reason it goes to the side
Altruism
the act of putting others’ needs or well-being before one’s own, often at personal cost
Self-transcendence
individuals go beyond their own personal needs and desires to focus on the welfare of others or a higher purpose
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs tiers
- Physiological - food, water, shelter, warmth
- Security - Safety, employment, assets
- Social - Family, friendship, intimacy, belonging
- Esteem - Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence
- Self-actualization - inner fullfillment
Self-efficacy & how
The belief in one’s ability to successfully complete tasks and reach goals
* Believing you can succeed
* How? Small Wins building up to make self efficacy
Task Value & how
The perceived importance, usefulness, or enjoyment of a task.
* Believing the effort is worth it
* How? Make long-term goals to understand it will work out
Hunger and Thirst
Applies to drive reduction theory
Before Eating
Empty stomach → stomach contracts → hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain as a signal to initiation feeding behavior
Low blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver generate chemical signals that induce hunger to initiate feeding behavior
After Eating
Satiation: Feeling of fullness and satisfaction causing eating behavior to stop.
- Increase in blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver send signals to shut off hunger and eating.
- Food passes through the gastrointestinal tract → satiety signals are sent to the brain.
- Fat cells release leptin (satiety hormone).
Emotional and Social Influences or hunger and thirst
social settings -eating with others increases eating
emotions - stress eating or skipping meals
Delayed Gratification for Hunger and Thirst
Sometimes we override hunger or thirst to focus on other priorities, but eventually, these needs must be met.
