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PBSI 107 > Chapter 6 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Unlearned Behaviors

A

Reflexes & Instincts

Both are INNATE

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2
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic, involuntary responses to specific stimuli

Simple, Specific body part, Involve primitive brain centers

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3
Q

Instincts

A

Complex patterns of behavior that are triggered by broader environmental factors and occur across many situations
Complex, Movement of whole organism, Involve higher brain centers

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4
Q

Examples of reflexes

A

Suckling
Rooting
Grasp (palm grasp)
Knee-jerk
Withdrawal
Gag
Pupil contraction/dilation
Blink

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5
Q

Examples of Instincts

A

Nest building
Bird migration
Hibernation
Mating Rituals
Foraging
Flight-or-fight respondr

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6
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

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7
Q

Types of Learning

A

Associative learning - Lemon, hot stoves
Habituation - learning to ignore stimuli
Explicit learning - in school
Implicit learning - riding a bike
Observational learning - watching
Experiential - experiencing something to learn

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8
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say.
* Big social aspect

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9
Q

Models

A

The individuals performing the imitated behavior

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10
Q

Kinds of Models

A

Live, verbal, symbolic

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11
Q

Live Model

A

Demonstrating behavior in person

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12
Q

Verbal Model

A

Explaining or describing a behavior
* Not intervening, just speaking

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13
Q

Symbolic Model

A

Fictional character or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources
* Not in person

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14
Q

Four Steps required for learning

A

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

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15
Q

Attention

A

Be focused on what the model is doing
* Social aspect

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16
Q

Retention

A

Remember what you observed

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17
Q

Reproduction

A

Perform the behavior
* EX: can’t doing the splits so you can’t reproduce it

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18
Q

Motivation & Vicarious What

A

Be motivated to copy the behavior
* Vicarious reinforcement - Learning to repeat a behavior after seeing someone else rewarded for it.
* Vicarious punishment - Learning to avoid a behavior after seeing someone else punished for it.

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19
Q

Three Outcomes of Learning

A

Imitation, avoidance, rule-based learning

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20
Q

Imitation

A

Learning by observing someone perform an action and then replicating that action yourself
* Influenced by vicarious reinforcement

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21
Q

Avoidance

A

Learning not to perform a certain behavior based on observing the negative consequences faced by others
* Influenced by vicarious punishment

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22
Q

Rule-Based Learning

A

Learning a general principle or rule from observing others and applying it to various situations

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23
Q

Associative learning

A

A type of learning in which an individual forms a connection (association) between two stimuli or between a behavior and a consequence.
* Classical conditioning & operant conditioning
* Psychological Perspective: Behaviorism

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24
Q

Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)

A

A learning process in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, leading to a change in behavior.

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25
Ivan Pavlov
Creator of classical conditioning Area of Research: Digestive System – Salivary glands * Psychic secretions - the dogs somehow knew the food was coming even though they couldn’t see or smell the food
26
Natural Reflex
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) & Unconditioned Response (UR) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) → Unconditioned Response (UR)
27
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning * Wanting food
28
Unconditioned Response (UR)
The natural response that occurs automatically in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus * How to salivate
29
Neutral Stage
Neutral Stimulus (NS) Neural Stimulus → No Response
30
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that initially does not elicit any specific response or reaction. * Bell
31
Pairing
Neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus Neutral Stimulus → Unconditioned Stimulus (US) → Unconditioned Response (UR)
32
Association
After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus Neutral Stimulus → Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
33
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, acquires the ability to trigger a response on its own Now a learned stimulus that they associate with something * Bell
34
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response caused by the conditioned stimulus * Salivating at bell sound Conditioned Stimulus (CS) → Conditioned Response (CR)
35
First-Order Conditioning
The basic form of classical conditioning in which an NS becomes a CS
36
Second-Order Conditioning (Higher-Order Conditioning)
Using a CS to condition a NS Using the footsteps to condition the bell
37
General Processes in Classical Conditioning
Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery
38
Acquisition
The learning phase of conditioning (acquiring the association) Temporal contiguity & Taste aversions
39
Temporal contiguity
The principle that two stimuli must be presented close together in time for an association to form between them, usually seconds
40
Taste aversions
An association that can form even with a long delay between the CS and the US, sometimes hours later * EX: getting sick after eating food (even a day after), so you avoid it * Evolutionary advantageous
41
Modality-specific learning
Flavor-illness pairings vs sound/light-illness pairings * Sound and light couldn’t be associated with getting physically sick * Garcia effect
42
Extinction
Decrease in the CR when the US is no longer paired with the CS * Playing bell without feeding food, salivation will stop
43
Spontaneous Recovery
The return of a previously extinguished CR following a rest period * Slightly stronger but not full force
44
Stimulus discrimination
the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus (CS) while not responding to other, similar stimuli * Responding to only one of the two different pitched bells
45
Stimulus generalization
the tendency for an organism to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, even if those stimuli have not been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US). * Responding to two different pitched bells
46
Operant conditioning
An organism learns to associate a behavior and its consequence
47
Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to occur
48
Operant conditioning founder
B.F. Skinner * inspired by Ivan Pavlov & Edward Thorndike * Pigeons
49
Operant Conditioning: Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior * Slowly getting the behavior you want
50
Steps of Shaping
1. Reward any response that resembles the desired behavior * Small turning 2. Then reward the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior, no longer rewarding the previous one * Turning more but don’t for the smaller turn 3. Next, begin to reward the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior 4. Continue to reward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior 5. Finally, only reward the desired behavior
51
Positive, negative, reinforcement, punishment
Positive - add something Negative - decrease something Reinforcement - increase behavior Punishment - decrease behavior
52
Positive Reinforcement
A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior * Ex. Giving toys (+) for a clean room (↑)
53
Negative Reinforcement
An undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior * Ex. Seatbelt sound stops (-) when you buckle it (↑)
54
Positive Punishment
An undesirable stimulus is added to decrease behavior * Ex. Scolding a child (+) if they’re misbehaving (↓)
55
Negative Punishment
A pleasant stimulus is removed to decrease behavior * Ex. Taking away toys (-) if they’re misbehaving (↓)
56
Primary Reinforcer
Reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities - they satisfy basic biological needs * Ex. Water, food, sleep, shelter, sex, touch, acceptance, etc.
57
Secondary Reinforcer
A reinforcer that has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer * Ex. Money (gives water & food), praise (gives acceptance)
58
Token economies
Included in secondary reinforcer a behavioral modification system in which individuals earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors * Educational settings (Elementary - stickers) * Therapy * Prisons (Points to buy food)
59
Operant conditioning: Reinforcing Schedules
A rule or plan that determines how and when reinforcement is delivered in relation to a target behavior
60
Continuous reinforcement
A reinforcement is provided every single time the desired behavior occurs. It is effective in establishing new behaviors but leads to quick extinction if reinforcement stops.
61
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered only some of the time when the desired behavior occurs. It is resistant to extinction.
62
Variable, fixed, ratio, interval
Variable - changed * More motivating Fixed - stays the same Ratio - number of responses between reinforcements * More motivating (above variable) Interval - time
63
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
variable ratio, fixed ratio, variable interval, fixed interval
64
Variable ratio
Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses, based on an average. Creates a high and steady rate of responding. Very fast learning, high and steady response rate * Ex. Gambling
65
Fixed ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses * Ex. Worker earning payment after producing a fixed number of items (like every 10 objects made) Fast learning, high response rat but pauses after reinforcement * Get breaks
66
Variable interval
Reinforcement is provided after a random, unpredictable amount of time has passed, as long as the target behavior occurs. Moderate speed of learning, response rate slow but consistent * Ex. Checking for a text message where the reward (new message) comes after variable intervals
67
Fixed interval
Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed, predictable amount of time has passed, as long as the desired behavior has occurred Slow learning, response rate increases when close to reinforcement (scalloping effect), but slows down afterwards * Ex. Paycheck after every 2 weeks
68
scalloping effect
low rates of responding, when interval is about to hit, then response increases, then decreases again Happens to fixed interval partial schedules
69
Latent learning
A type of learning that occurs without any immediate reinforcement of obvious behavioral change but becomes apparent when the situation requires it.
70
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout or structure of an environment * Rats in a maze with and without a reward * Made by Edward Tolman * Can be pretty complex - language, spatial, behaviors

PBSI 107 (10 decks)

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