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PBSI 107 > Chapter 4 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of internal and external stimuli.

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2
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

24-hour cycles that regulate physiological and behavioral patterns

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2
Q

Wakefulness

A

High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

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2
Q

Sleep

A

A state marked by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

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3
Q

Internal Stimuli

A

Pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, thoughts, emotions

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4
Q

External Stimuli

A

Vision, touch, sound, taste

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4
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Regular, cyclic changes in biological processes that occur in living organisms crucial for synchronizing an organism’s internal processes with the
external environment

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5
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

Cycles occurring more frequently than once a day

Ex. 90-minute sleep cycles within the overall sleep period

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5
Q

Circannual rhythms

A

Yearly cycles

Ex. Hibernation in animals, seasonal affective disorder in humans

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6
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

Cycles occurring less frequently than once a day

Ex. Menstrual cycle

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in homeostatic processes. In other words, homeostasis in biological system

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8
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

The brain’s “clock mechanism,” regulates circadian rhythms

Light-sensitive neurons in retina provide information about the outside world

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9
Q

Pineal gland

A

Small, pea-shaped gland located in the brain that produces melatonin

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10
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone that fluctuates with light levels to help regulate sleep-wake cycle

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10
Q

Jet lag

A

Disruption of sleep and circadian rhythms caused by rapidly crossing multiple time zones, leading to difficulty adjusting to a new time zone

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11
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early,
resulting in poor sleep quality and daytime impairment

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12
Q

Rotating shift work

A

Disruption of sleep patterns caused by regularly changing
work shifts, which can lead to sleep problems

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13
Q

Sleep debt

A

Not getting enough sleep on a chronic basis which can lead to impaired functioning (mental efficiency) and increased sleepiness (low levels of alertness) until the debt is repaid

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14
Q

Sleep deprivation consequences:

A
  • Obesity
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased levels of stress hormones
  • Reduced immune functioning
  • Difficulty staying awake
  • Cognitive and motor functioning impairments
  • Irritability
  • Distractibility
  • Moral judgement impairments
  • Hallucinations (if awake 48hr +)
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15
Q

Sleep

A

A natural, periodic state of rest that is regulated by the body’s homeostatic
needs

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16
Q

Sleep rebound

A

An increased duration and intensity of sleep following a period of sleep deprivation

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17
Q

Impact of sleep on the Endocrine system

A

Circadian rhythm
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland

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18
Q

What hormones do the pituitary gland release? And what are their functions?

A

Growth hormone – Helps body recover and grow

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – Regulates reproductive functions

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19
Q

Energy Conservation

A

By reducing activity, sleep conserves energy

  • Negative correlation between energetic demands and time spent sleeping
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20
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

Sleep supports memory formation and learning

  • Learning – Helps processes and consolidate new information
  • Skill Improvement – Helps process and refine motor skills
  • Emotional Memory – Helps consolidate emotional experiences
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20
Q

Predatory Avoidance

A

Sleep patterns have evolved to occur during times when the risk of
predation is lower

  • Some species sleep during the day
  • Nocturnal predators have adapted to nighttime activity
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21
Q

Restoration

A

Sleep allows the body and brain to repair and rejuvenate

  • Physical recovery – Repairs and rebuilds muscle tissue
  • Cellular Repair – Enhances protein synthesis
  • Immune Function – Helps fight off infection and recover from illness
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22
Q

What measures brain waves?

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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22
Q

Amplitude

A

The height of the brain waves

22
Q

Brain wave activity

A

Electrical patterns or signals produced by neurons in the brain as they communicate
with each other

23
Q

Frequency

A

How many waves occur per second (measured in Hertz, Hz)

24
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

A

A sleep stage with rapid
eye movements, vivid dreams, and high brain activity

25
Q

Non-REM (NREM)

A

The stages of sleep excluding
REM, including light and deep sleep.

26
Q

Spindles

A

Brief bursts of high-frequency brain activity that may be important for learning and
memory

27
Q

K-complex

A

A very high amplitude (spike) pattern of brain activity that can occur with environmental
stimuli

28
Q

Delta Waves

A
  • Slow (low frequency) and high (high amplitude) waves
  • Slower heart rate & respiration
  • Difficult to wake someone up
29
Q

REM

A
  • Waves similar to activity pattern when awake
  • Vivid dreams
  • Marked by rapid eye movement
  • Sleep paralysis, paralysis of muscle systems
  • “Paradoxical sleep”
30
Q

REM rebound

A

If an individual is deprived of REM sleep, they will spend more time in TEM sleep to
recoup lost time

  • May be an adaptive response to stress
31
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Dream Content Distinctions

A

Latent content & Manifest content

32
Q

Latent Content

A

The underlying, hidden meaning of the dream

32
Q

Manifest Content

A

The actual storyline, images, and events that you
remember upon waking

33
Q

Founder of “Collective Unconscious”

A

Carl Jung

34
Q

Activation-synthesis theory of learning

A

Dreams are a byproduct of brain activity rather than a direct manifestation of unconscious desires or conflicts

  • Brain is trying to make sense of (“synthesize”) the neural activity (“activation”) that’s
    happening
  • Brain builds a virtual reality that builds the neural pathways to help us in wakefulness
34
Q

Collective unconscious (in the context of dreams)

A

Dreams contain symbols
with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location

35
Q

Rosalind Cartwright’s Perspective

A

Dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer

36
Q

Alan Hobson’s Theory

A

Activation-synthesis theory of learning

37
Q

Insomnia

A

A consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep

  • One criteria for diagnosis: Symptoms must last for at least 3 x a week
    in one month’s time
  • The most common sleep disorder
  • A self-perpetuating cycle
  • Contributing factors: Age, drug use, exercise, mental status, bedtime
    routines
38
Q

Treatments for insomnia

A
  • Limiting caffeine intake
  • Increasing physical exercise
  • Over-the-counter (OTC) sleep medications
  • WARNING: Can cause dependency and alter sleep cycle, increasing insomnia
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
39
Q

Parasomnia

A

Abnormal behaviors, movements, emotions,
perceptions, or dreams that occur during sleep or while falling asleep

39
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

A type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

40
Q

Examples of Parasomia

A
  • Sleepwalking
  • REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
  • Restless leg syndrome
  • Night terrors
41
Q

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)

A

Sleeper engages in relatively
complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving!

  • Happens during NREM Stage 3 (Deep Sleep)
  • Often have eyes open but are not responsive
  • It is genetic; it runs in families
  • It is most common in children (4 – 8)
  • Homicidal sleepwalking?!
42
Q

Treatments for Sleepwalking

A
  • Anxiety meds & antidepressants (success rate questionable)
  • Addressing sleep-related breathing problems
  • Improving sleep hygiene
  • Scheduled awakenings
43
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

Incomplete muscle
paralysis, causing people to act out vivid and often violent
dreams during REM
* Kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, behaving like an animal
* Associated with Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative diseases
* Potential aid in diagnosis?

44
Q

Treatment for REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

Anxiety medication & making environment safe

45
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

Uncontrollable urge to move the legs,
often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations like itching,
tingling, or aching

  • Very common
  • Associated with various medical diagnoses, like chronic kidney disease and
    diabetes
46
Q

Treatments for Restless leg syndrome

A

Anxiety meds, anticonvulsants, opiates

47
Q

Night terrors

A

Episodes of intense fear, screaming and flailing
during NREM (usually in Stage 3)

  • Unlike nightmares, the person does not usually remember details of the event
  • Person is disoriented and hard to wake up fully
  • Common in children, lessen with age
48
Q

Treatment for night terrors

A

Unnecessary unless underlying medical/psychological condition

49
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops

  • Person may not be aware of repeated disruptions, but will experience
    increased levels of fatigue
  • More common in overweight people and associated with loud snoring
  • May exacerbate cardiovascular disease
50
Q

Types of Sleep Apnea

A

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) & Central sleep apnea (CSA)

51
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A

Individual’s airway becomes blocked

  • Relaxed throat muscles and tissues cause obstruction
52
Q

Central sleep apnea (CSA)

A

Disruptions in signals sent from the brain cause periods of
interrupted breathing

  • No obstruction, brain fails to send signals to the muscles that control breathing
52
Q

Treatments for sleep apnea. What do they do?

A

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): A device that includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose
and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airway, forcing them to remain
open

Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP): A device that includes a small, valve-like mask worn over the nose
which provides pressure during exhalation

53
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

A sudden and
unexplained death of an otherwise healthy infant, usually during
sleep

  • Infants younger than 12 months at highest risk
  • Boys have a higher risk than girls
54
Q

Risk factors of SIDS

A

premature birth, smoking within the home,
hyperthermia (abnormally high body temperature)

55
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden,
uncontrollable episodes or sleep

  • Associated with cataplexy: A sudden and brief loss of muscle tone
  • May include vivid, dream-like hallucinations
  • Often triggered by stets of heightened arousal or stress
  • Episodes typically last between 1 minute – 30 minutes
56
Q

Treatment for Narcolepsy

A

Psychomotor stimulant drugs (drugs that promote
increased levels of neural activity)

57
Q

Altering States of Consciousness

A
  • Substance use and abuse
  • Hypnosis
  • Meditation
58
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

a transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep (drifting off to sleep).

Alpha and Theta Waves

59
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation.

Theta waves & Sleep spindles & K complexes

60
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

deep sleep or slow-wave sleep. Delta waves

PBSI 107 (10 decks)

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