Chapter 1 - Introduction to Psychology Flashcards
Psych
Soul/Mind/Spirit
Ology
Study of
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behavior
Scientific Method
A systematic approach used to acquire knowledge
Order of Psychological Perspectives
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Psychoanalytic Theory
- Gestalt Psychology
- Behaviorism
- Humanism
Scientific method steps
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Analysis
Conclusion
Psychology originated in what?
philosophy
Founders of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt & William James
Structuralism
Breaks down mental processes into their most basic components
Structuralism Founder
Wilhelm Wundt
Introspection
The process by which someone examines their conscious
experience as objectively as possible (Part of structuralism)
Reaction time
Measuring the time it took individuals to respond to a specific stimuli (part of structuralism)
Functionalism
Focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment and meet their needs
Focused on the mind as a whole
Founder of Functionalism?
William James
What inspired Functionalism?
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to
survive/reproduce
Psychoanalytic Theory
Mental life occurs outside of conscious awareness
Unconscious thoughts, feelings, and early childhood experiences influence behavior and
mental processes.
Inspired by his patients that had ‘hysteria’
Founder of Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Therapeutic approach to explore the unconscious
- Childhood experiences
- Dream analysis
- Free association
- Transference
Gestalt Psychology
How we perceive and organize visual and sensory
information as whole patterns rather than just separate components.
The whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts.
Opposite of structuralism
Founders of Gestalt Psychology
- Max Wertheimer
- Kurt Koffka
- Wolfgang Köler
Classical Conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are
paired
Founder of Behaviorism
John B. Watson
Founder of Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Self-actualization
Fulfilling one’s potential
Behaviorism
Study of observable behaviors and how they’re shaped by their
environment
Operant Conditioning
How behaviors are influenced by their consequence. reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior.
Founder of Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Humanism
Emphasizes the potential for
good that is innate in all humans
Founders of Humanism
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Idea that motivation is arranged in a hierarchy
Basic needs need to be addressed FIRST
THEN, we can focus on higher needs
Three parts of Client-centered therapy
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Congruence/Genuineness
Client-centered therapy
creating a supportive and nonjudgmental
environment where clients can explore and understand their own feelings and
experiences
The Cognitive Revolution
a shift in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s that emphasized the study of mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving
Biopsychology
Explores how our biology influences our behavior;
interdisciplinary
Sensation & Perception
Focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory
systems and the psychological experience of sensory information
Sensation
Sensory information (sight, sounds, touch, smell)
Perception
Process by which our brain organizes and processes sensory
information to create a meaningful representation of it.
Developmental Psychology
The scientific study of development across a
lifespan
Jean Piaget
Studied the cognitive development of youth. (developmental psychology)
Social Psychology
How individuals interact and relate with others and
how such interactions can affect behavior.
Personality Psychology
Focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are
unique to each individual.
Sport Psychology
Study the psychological aspects of sport performance
including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on
mental and emotional wellbeing.
Mental health under demanding conditions:
* Fire fighting
* Military Operations
* Artistic Performance
* Surgery
Stanley Milgram
Most famous study of obedience
Clinical Psychology
Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological
disorders and problematic patterns of behavior.
Biopsychosocial model
focuses on how individual health is directly related or
affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
- Genes
- Pattern of behavior
- Relationships
- Psychological Stress
- Health
Counseling Psychology
Focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health- related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy.
Forensic Psychology
Branch of psychology dealing with justice system
- Assess competency to stand trial
- Asses state of mind of defendant
- Act as consultants on child custody cases
- Consult on sentencing and treatment recommendations
- Advise on issues such as eyewitness & children testimony
I-O Psychology
Branch that applies psychological theories, principles and research to industrial and organizational settings
- Personnel management
- Organizational Structure
- Workplace Environment
