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PBSI 107 > Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

The mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the sensory input.

In other words: Thinking
Combining a bunch of stuff to make thought

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2
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

a field dedicated to examining how people think.

Study concepts such as: Language, Problem-Solving, Decision-Making, Intelligence, Attention, Perception

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3
Q

Steps of cognition

A
  1. Information sensation
  2. Emotions, memories
  3. Thoughts (can make memories, may loop)
  4. Behavior
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4
Q

How do we organize all of the information around us?

A

Concepts and Prototypes

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5
Q

Concepts

A

Mental representations that help us categorize and understand objects, ideas, or experiences

Seeing stuff in the environment then sorting them into concepts

Example: Bird

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6
Q

Prototype

A

The best or most typical example
of a concept

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7
Q

Natural concepts

A

Concepts created “naturally”, through your experiences both directly and indirectly.

Example: Snow

Direct experience: Living by snow

Indirect experience: Knowing about snow through media

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8
Q

Artificial concepts

A

Concepts defined by specific rules or characteristics.

Example: Shapes - Triangles always have 3 angles and 3 sides

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9
Q

Need both of what to understand the world

A

Natural and artificial concepts

EX: car & driving

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10
Q

Schema

A

A cognitive framework or mental structure that helps organize and interpret concepts in the brain.

Used to modify behavior to fit in the environment. Know based in the schemas built

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11
Q

Role schema

A

Represents the expectations, behaviors, and norms associated with a particular social role

How they would behave, how we interact with them, if we were the role (how we interact with others because of the role)

Ex. Parent, doctor, police officer

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12
Q

Event schema (cognitive script)

A

Represents the typical sequence of actions or events associated with a specific situation or activity

Ex. Eating at a Restaurant, gym, work

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13
Q

Language

A

A communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to transmit information from one individual to another.

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14
Q

Biological predisposition

A

Ability to learn language is same across cultures

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15
Q

Universal grammar

A

by noam chomsky
everyone can learn language

Critical period to acquire language - ~1 when children first speaks
Passing this period can affect ability to learn

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16
Q

Phonetic Discrimination

A

The ability to distinguish between different sounds in words, also known as phonemes, and to analyze them based on their acoustic and articulatory characteristics.

Infants can differentiate phonetic sounds from various languages
After 1 year, they become less sensitive – favoring sounds of their primary language

17
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

The idea that language influences thought processes and perception.
* Helps us categorize experiences, affecting how we understand concepts
* Embodies cultural values, shaping thought patterns and social behaviors
* Shapes how we think about and understand the world

EX: speakers of languages with multiple words for snow may perceive winter differently.

18
Q

Problem solving strategies

A

Trial and error, algorithm, heuristic

19
Q

Trial and error

A

Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved

EX: Restarting phone, turning off WiFi, turning off bluetooth in order to determine why your phone is malfunctioning

20
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step problem-solving formula

EX: Instruction manual for installing new software on your computer

21
Q

Heuristic

A

General problem-solving framework

Working backwards; breaking a task into steps

22
Q

Types of Bias

A

Anchoring, confirmation, hindsight, representative, avalibility

23
Q

Anchoring

A

Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving

Focusing on the wrong piece, unaware of the other possibilities

24
Q

Confirmation

A

Focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs

25
Q

Hindsight

A

Belief that the event just experienced was predictable

Can distort understanding of the investigation process, overconfidence, ignoring how they got to the conclusion

26
Q

Representative

A

Unintentional stereotyping of something or someone

27
Q

Availability

A

Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty

Using past information to form decisions

28
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

The knowledge and skills that individuals acquire through experience and education
* Book smarts

29
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

The capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
* Street smarts

30
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and utilize one’s own emotions and the emotions of others

31
Q

Cultural intelligence

A

The ability to relate to and effectively interact with people from different cultural backgrounds

32
Q

Triarchic theory of Intelligence

A
  1. Analytical intelligence: Problem-solving abilities and academic skills.
  2. Creative intelligence: The capacity to generate new ideas and think outside the box.
  3. Practical intelligence: The ability to adapt to, shape, or select environments to meet one’s goals and everyday needs.
33
Q

Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of Cognitive Abilities

A
  1. General Intelligence - the overall mental capability to reason, solve problems, and learn
  2. Broad abilities - Major categories of cognitive skills, like fluid and crystallized intelligence
  3. Narrow abilities - Specific skills within each broad ability, such as vocabulary knowledge or spacial relations

Upsidedown triangle

34
Q

The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart

A

IQ: Identical twins raised apart > Siblings/Fraternal twins raised together
* Identical twins raised apart IQ was more similar
* IQ is more nature

35
Q

Range of Reaction

A

An individual’s genetic potential for a certain trait (such as intelligence, personality, or physical ability) is influenced by environmental factors (nurture).

Some ethnic groups perform better on IQ tests than others

Socioeconomic status affects IQ test performance
* Bad environment making it difficult to reach max
* Good environment making it more possible to reach potential even if it’s not high

36
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to generate new, original, and valuable ideas or solutions

37
Q

Divergent thinking

A

The process of exploring multiple possible solutions and thinking in a non-linear, imaginative way

Type of creativity

38
Q

Convergent thinking

A

The process of finding the single best solution to a problem by logically evaluating existing information

Type of creativity

39
Q

Two categories of creativities

A

Based on extreme good/bad environments

PBSI 107 (10 decks)

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