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PBSI 107 > Chapter 5 - Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus (Plural = stimuli)

A

Any object or event that triggers a response

  • E.g., Light, sound, taste, smell, touch, temperature change
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2
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Special cells or nerve endings in the body that
detect and respond to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

Sensation

A

Stimulus detected by sensory receptor

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4
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which the body’s sensors convert
physical signals from the environment into neural signals

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest amount of a stimulus needed for a
person to detect it 50% of the time

  • The most sensitive sensory receptors in the back of the eye can detect a candle
    flame 30 miles away
  • The sensory receptors in the ear can detect the tick of a clock 20 feet away
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6
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

The minimal difference needed for a
person to notice that a change has occurred

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Detecting changes becomes harder as the intensity of the
stimulus increases

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8
Q

Perception

A

The process by which the brain organizes, interprets, and
makes sense of sensory information

  • Can be influenced by past experiences, expectations, and context
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9
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Sensory information from your environment going to your brain

  • How sensory information is collected and processed by the sensory organs and then sent to the brain
    for interpretation
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10
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Using your brain to guide how you interpret and respond to sensory
information from the environment

  • Involves psychological factors, such as your previous experiences, knowledge, and expectations,
    which influence how you interpret and understand sensory information
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10
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors become less sensitive to a
constant stimulus over time

  • First Experience → Repeated Exposure → Adaptation
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11
Q

Subliminal Messages

A

Stimuli that are presented below the level of conscious awareness

We CAN process and respond to stimuli outside of our awareness

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12
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

The phenomenon where people fail to notice an unexpected stimulus in
their visual field because their attention is focused elsewhere

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13
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting
background

Motivation influences your ability to detect and interpret stimuli by adjusting your sensitivity and decision criteria
based on the importance of the signal

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14
Q

Other factors that affect our perception

A

Beliefs, values, prejudices, expectation, and life experiences

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15
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

A visual
illusion where two lines of the same length appear to be different lengths

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16
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

Color vision is based on the presence of
three types of color receptors (cones) in the retina, each sensitive to different
wavelengths of light

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17
Q

Cone names and what they detect

A
  • S-cones: Sensitive to short wavelengths (blue/violet)
  • M-cones: Sensitive to medium wavelengths (green)
  • L-cones: Sensitive to long wavelengths (red)
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18
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Color vision is based some cells are activated by
one color of the pair and inhibited by the other, which helps in perceiving
colors and distinguishing between them

  • Opponent pairs:
  • Black-White
  • Yellow-Blue
  • Green-Red
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19
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-
dimensional (3-D) space

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20
Q

Binocular cues

A

Depth cues that require the use of both eyes

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21
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues that can be perceived using only one eye

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22
Q

Binocular disparity

A

The slight difference in the images seen by each eye

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23
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge or meet at a single
point in the distance, known as the vanishing point, as they extend away
from the observer

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24
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • Pinna
  • Auditory Canal (ear canal)
  • Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
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25
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Ossicles
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (Stirrup)
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26
Q

Inner Ear

A

Semi-circular canals & Cochlea

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27
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

Balance and movement

28
Q

Cochlea

A

Basilar Membrane which has Hair cells (sensory receptors)

29
Q

Temporal theory

A

Frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron. A hair cell would fire action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave.

  • Argument Against: Hair cells cannot account for the entire range of frequencies we can detect
30
Q

Place theory

A

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to different frequencies

31
Q

Monoaural Cues (one-eared)

A

Being muffled from one side

32
Q

Interaural level difference

A

The difference in sound intensity between the two ears, used to
locate the direction of a sound

33
Q

Interaural timing difference

A

The difference in the time it takes for a sound to reach each ear,
used to determine the direction of the sound source

34
Q

Taste qualities that we can detect:

A
  • Sweet: The taste of sugar
  • Salty: The taste of salt
  • Sour: The taste of something acidic
  • Bitter: The sharp taste of things like coffee or dark chocolate
  • Umami: The savory taste of foods like meat or soy sauce
  • Fatty Acids: The creamy or rich taste from fats, like oils or butters
35
Q

How do we detect these tastes?

A

Molecules from the food dissolve in our saliva and interact with sensory
receptors (taste receptors)

36
Q

Taste buds

A

Grouping of taste receptors

37
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Pressure

38
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Transient pressure

39
Q

Merkel’s disks

A

Light touch

40
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

Stretch

41
Q

Thermoception

A

temperature

42
Q

Nociception

A

potentially harmful stimuli that can cause injury

  • Ex. Chemical irritation, mechanical injury, extreme temperatures
43
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

A type of pain that signals to some type of tissue damage

  • Cause: Injury, infection, or irritation
  • Described as: throbbing, aching
44
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

A type of pain that is caused by damage or dysfunction in
the nervous system itself

  • Cause: injury to the nerves, diseases affecting the nervous system, or conditions that
    cause nerve inflammation
  • Burning, shooting, tingling
45
Q

Congenital analgesia

A

A condition of individuals without the ability to feel
pain

  • CAN: detect changes in temperature and pressure
  • CANNOT: expierence pain
46
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Detecting head position and movement to maintain
balance and spatial orientation

  • Spin
47
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of body position
* Touch your nose

48
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Perception of body’s movement through space
* Run

49
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

How we perceive and organize visual and sensory
information as whole patterns rather than just separate components

  • Gestalt: Form/Pattern
50
Q

Figure-ground relationship

A

A principle in visual perception that
describes how we distinguish objects (figures) from their backgrounds
(ground)

51
Q

Proximity

A

A principle in visual perception that describes how we group
group together things that are close to one another

52
Q

Similarity

A

A principle in visual perception that describes how we group
group together things that are alike

53
Q

continuity

A

We perceive and interpret visual elements as forming
continuous, smooth patterns or lines, rather than disjointed or
fragmented parts

54
Q

Closure

A

We organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than
a series of parts.

55
Q

Pattern perception

A

The ability to recognize and interpret patterns in sensory
information

  • Make sense of the environment
56
Q

Perceptual hypothesis

A

The brain makes educated guesses or assumptions about
what is being perceived based on sensory information

  • Interpreting incomplete or ambiguous stimuli
57
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent covering over the eye. It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye.

58
Q

Pupil

A

the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the pupil can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional arousal.

  • Dilated/expanded in low light to allow more light to enter the eye
  • Constrict in high light to reduce amount of light entering the eye
  • Also changes during emotional arousal
  • The pupil’s size is controlled by muscles that are connected to the iris
59
Q

Iris

A

the colored portion of the eye.

Contains the muscles that do the dilating and constricting:
* Dilator pupillae
* Sphincter pupillae

60
Q

Lens

A

a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.

61
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes for near or far object

Thicker for near objects
Thinner for distant objects

62
Q

Fovea

A

a small indentation in the back of the eye part of the retina

Where the lens focuses the light

Where the cones are located

63
Q

retina

A

the light-sensitive lining of the eye.

64
Q

Cones

A

light-detecting photoreceptor cells
In the fovea

  • Work best in bright conditions
  • Very sensitive to acute detail and provides tremendous spatial resolution.
  • Directly involved in our ability to perceive color.
65
Q

Rods

A
  • specialized photoreceptors involved in vision in dimly lit environments as well as in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field.
  • work well in low light conditions,
  • Located throughout the remainder of the retina
66
Q

Optic Nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

Axons from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye

67
Q

Bipolar cells

A

send info from ganglion cells to photoreceptors and back
Photoreceptors

The light needs to touch the photoreceptors in order to send neural communication

68
Q

Optic chiasm

A

information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the left side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the right side of the brain.

Where the optic nerve from each eye merges into an X-shaped structure that sits just below the cerebral cortex at the front of the brain.

PBSI 107 (10 decks)

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