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PBSI 107 > Chapter 2 - Psychological Research > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Psychological Research Flashcards

1
Q

Research results must be?

A

Objective
tangible
replicated

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2
Q

Trephination

A

An ancient surgical procedure performed by various cultures around the world as a treatment for mental conditions. Making a hole in the skull by removing a circular piece of bone

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative and testable statement (prediction) about the relationship between two or more variables

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3
Q

Theory

A

A broad explanation of a phenomenon based on
extensive evidence and testing

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4
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Drawing general conclusions from specific examples

Specific → General

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Using general premise(s) to reach a certain conclusion

General → Specific

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6
Q

Clinical or Case Studies

A

Research focused on one person or just a few individuals.

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7
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

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7
Q

Pros and Cons of Clinical or Case Studies

A

PROS: Allows for a lot of insight

CONS: Difficult to generalize to the larger population

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8
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Research based on observations of behavior in its natural setting

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9
Q

Pros and Cons of Naturalistic Observation

A

PROS:
* Eliminates performance anxiety
* Accurate and genuine behavior

CONS:
* Observer bias*
* Difficult to set up/control

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10
Q

Observer Bias

A

People who act as observers are closely involved in the research project and may unconsciously skew their observations to fit their research goals or expectations.

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11
Q

Pros and Cons of Surveys

A

PROS:
* Gather data from a large sample

CONS:
* Less depth of information
* May not be accurate (misremembering, lying)
* Sometimes gives objective value to a subjective experience

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11
Q

Archival Research

A

Using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to
search for interesting patterns or relationships.

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12
Q

Surveys

A

A list of questions to be answered by participants

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13
Q

Pros and Cons of Archival Research

A

PROS:
* Data already collected
* Saves time
* Saves money

CONS:
* Lack of control
* Incompleteness
* May be outdated
* Data integrity

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14
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Research design in which data-gathering is administered over an extended period of time

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15
Q

Pros and Cons of Longitudinal Research

A

PROS: Same participants

CONS: Time/money investment, attrition

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16
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Research design that compares multiple segments of the
population over time

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17
Q

Pros and Cons of Cross-Sectional Research

A

PROS: cost-effective, no long-term com.

CONS: cohort effects, causality

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18
Q

Correlation

A

A measure that indicated whether two variables
are related. When two variables are correlated, changes in
one variable are associated with changes in the other.

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19
Q

Positive Correlation

A

The variables move together: If one variable goes up or down, the other does as well in the
same direction.

19
Q

Correlation coefficient (r)

A

A number from -1 to +1 that
indicates the strength and direction of the relationship
between variables.

20
Q

Negative Correlation

A

The variables move in opposite
direction: If one variable increases, the other decreases.

20
Q

Confounding variables

A

Unanticipated factors that may affect the variables of interest, make it difficult to determine the true relationship between the variables being studied

21
Q

Cause-and-effect relationship

A

Whether changes in one variable
cause changes in the other

  • Cannot be determined through a simple correlation
22
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

False correlations; seeing a relationship between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

23
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to favor information that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring conflicting evidence

Involved in the formation of prejudicial attitudes that can ultimately lead to discriminatory behavior

24
Q

Independent Variable

A

The factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect

25
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome or response that is measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable

25
Q

Operational Definition

A

How a variable or concept will be measured or manipulated in a particular study

26
Q

Reliability

A

The ability to consistently produce a result

  • Inter-rater reliability
  • Internal consistency
  • Test-retest reliability
27
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what its supposed to
measure

  • Ecological validity
  • Construct validity
  • Face validity
28
Q

Control Group

A

The group that does not receive
treatment/intervention, serving as a baseline

  • Serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that
    might influence the results of the study
28
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group that receives the treatment or intervention (variable) being tested

29
Q

Sample

A

A subset of individuals used to represent a population

30
Q

Participants

A

The individuals who take part in a research study or experiment

  • The vast majority of research has historically involved college students
  • Compared to the general population:
  • Younger
  • More educated
  • More liberal
  • Less diverse
31
Q

Random Assignment

A

All participants have an equal chance of being assigned
to either experimental group

31
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample in which every member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected

32
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Researcher expectations skew the results of the study

33
Q

Participant Bias

A

Participant expectations skew the results of the study

34
Q

Single-bind Study

A

Experiment in which the researcher knows which
participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control
group, but the participants do not

35
Q

Placebo Effect

A

A phenomenon where a person experiences improvement
in their condition because they believe they are receiving treatment, even is the treatment is inactive.

36
Q

Double-bind Study

A

Experiment in which the researcher nor the
participants know who is in the experimental group or control group

37
Q

Statistical Analysis

A

The process of examining and interpreting data to make
sense of it, identify patterns, and draw conclusions

38
Q

Statistical significance

A

If it is VERY unlikely that results happened just due to random chance, we then conclude that there is probably a relationship between the variables we are
studying

(i.e., those results were “statistically significant” or “statistically NONsignificant”)

Usually, if the odds that the differences occurred by chance
are 5% or less, then the results are significant.

39
Q

Peer-reviewed journal article

A

Article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback
regarding the quality of the study before it is accepted for publication.

  • Helps to weed out poorly conceived or executed studies
  • Improves articles with suggested revisions
40
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study to confirm its results and ensure reliability

  • Determines reliability of original research design
  • Can include additional measures that expand on the original findings
  • Provide more evidence to support the original finding or to cast doubt on those findings
  • Replication crisis?!
41
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

A committee that
reviews and approves research involving human
participants

  • Ensures that ethical standards are met
  • Ensures participants’ rights and welfare are protected
42
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A

A committee that reviews and oversees research involving
animals

  • Ensures ethical treatment, proper care, and compliance
    with regulations
43
Q

Deception

A

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

44
Q

Debriefing

A

Complete, honest information about the purpose of the
experiment, how the data will be used, why deception was necessary, and how to obtain additional information of experiment

44
Q

Informed consent

A

Written description of what participants can expect
during experiment, including risks and implications

PBSI 107 (10 decks)

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