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PBSI 107 > Chapter 3 - Biopsychology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

A network of nerves and cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body,
controlling and coordinating all bodily functions.

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The control center for processing and responding to information

  • Brain & Spinal Cord
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3
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Promotes
relaxation and recovery

  • Constricts pupils, stimulates salivation, slows
    heart rate, constricts bronchi, stimulates
    digestion, causes bladder to contract
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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Connects the brain
and spinal cord to the rest of the body to relay information to and from the CNS

  • Nerves
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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Responsible for
voluntary or conscious movement and sensory information

  • Motor Neurons = efferent fibers
  • Sensory Neurons = afferent fibers
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5
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The surface of the brain

  • Gyri (gyrus): Raised ridges, folds
  • Sulci (sulcus): Indentations in between, grooves
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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls involuntary bodily functions, operating automatically

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6
Q

Lateralization

A

The specialization of certain brain functions to one hemisphere

  • Left Hemisphere: Memory, selective attention, positive emotions
  • Right Hemisphere: Pitch perception, arousal, negative emotions
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6
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations or emergencies

  • Dilates pupils, inhibits salivation, increases heart rate,
    dilates bronchi, inhibits digestion, inhibits contraction of
    bladder
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7
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

The most prominent sulcus that separates the brain intro two hemispheres

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which the body maintains stable internal conditions (balance, equilibrium)

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8
Q

Brain

A

The central organ of the nervous system that controls sensory
processing, bodily functions, and cognitive activities.

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9
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A thick band of neural fibers that connects the two hemispheres
and allows them to communicate with each other

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10
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions, decision-making, motor control

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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory information and spatial awareness

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12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory processing and memory

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13
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual processing

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14
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Planning and coordinating movement. in frontal lobe

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15
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Higher-level cognitive function. In frontal lobe

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16
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Language production. In Frontal lobe

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17
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Main area responsible for processing auditory info. temporal lobe

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17
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Processing sensory information across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain/ parietal lobe

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18
Q

Subcortical regions of the forebrain

A

Thalamus & Limbic System

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18
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Important for speech comprehension. Temporal lobe

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19
Q

Organized retinotopically

A

Spatial organization of visual information in the brain mirrors the spatial arrangement of the retina. occipital lobe

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20
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory relay of the brain

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21
Q

Limbic System

A

Processing emotion and memory

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic processes (body temp. appetite, etc.)

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21
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Controls movement and produces dopamine

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22
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory

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23
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion and emotional meaning to memories

24
Q

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

Involved in the reward system and motivation

25
Q

What are both Substantia nigra & Ventral tegmental area (VTA) involved with?

A
  • Involved in mood, reward, and addiction
  • Both regions contain dopamine and are critical for movement
  • Degradation of these regions involved in Parkinson’s disease
26
Q

Medulla

A

Controls automatic processes of the autonomic nervous
system (breathing, blood pressure, etc.)

27
Q

Pons

A

Connects the hindbrain to the rest of the brain and is involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and
structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement and
motor skills

29
Q

Spinal Cord

A

A long, thin bundle of nerves that runs from the brain down
to the lower back, transmitting signals between the brain and the body.

  • Does not extend the full length of the spine
30
Q

Cauda Equina

A

A bundle of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal
cord that continues down the vertebral column after the spinal cord ends.

31
Q

Vertebral Colum (“spine”)

A

A series of bones (vertebrae) that protect the spinal cord and support the body

  • Provides support for the spinal cord
32
Q

Neurons

A

Cells in the nervous system that transmit information through
electrical and chemical signals

  • Primary cells responsible for communication within the nervous system
  • Transmit information through electrical and chemical signals
33
Q

Glial cells (Glia)

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, protect, and
nourish neurons

  • Play a supportive role to neurons
  • Provide support, nourishment, and protection to neurons
  • Maintain the environment around neurons
34
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron that contains the nucleus

35
Q

Cell membrane

A

The outer boundary of a cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell

36
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and send them to the
soma

37
Q

Axon

A

A long, thin fiber that carries the signals from the soma, enabling communication with
other neurons

38
Q

Axon terminal

A

The end part of an axon that releases signals to pass information to other cells

39
Q

Electrical Communication

A

Electrical signals travel along the axon

40
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A fatty layer that wraps around and insulates the axon, speeding up the transmission of
electrical signals

41
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon that help boost the speed of electrical signals
as they travel down the axon

  • Saltatory conduction
42
Q

Chemical Communication

A

Chemical signals (substances) are released from the axon terminal and travel to the receiving neuron

43
Q

Terminal buttons

A

The end part of an axon that releases signals to other cells

44
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small sacs in terminal buttons that store and release signals

45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers of the nervous system

46
Q

Synapse

A

The junction where communication occurs between two neurons

47
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The gap between two neurons where signals are exchanges

48
Q

Receptors

A

Sites on a cell’s surface that receive and respond to these signals

49
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the
extracellular and intracellular fluid

50
Q

Resting potential

A

The membrane potential when the neuron is not actively sending a signal (-70 mV)

51
Q

Ion channels

A

Gates in a cell membrane that allow specific ions to pass in and out of the cel

52
Q

all-or-nothing phenomenon

A

If the threshold is met, more ion channels open and results in a positive spike in electrical charge (action potential), +30 mV

53
Q

Repolarization

A

Returning to a normal negative charge

54
Q

Biological perspective

A

Examines how biological systems impact behavior

Ex. Views psychological disorders as an imbalance in neurotransmitters

54
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Becoming more negative than usual

54
Q

When the action potential reaches the axon terminal

A
  • Vesicles with neurotransmitters are released onto the synaptic cleft
  • These neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the adjacent cell
  • And the process begins again
54
Q

Process of Action Potential

A
  • A neurotransmitter binds to a receptor
  • The ion channels open, changing the electrical charge of the neuron. If this change reaches the threshold of excitation, it triggers a new action potential
  • Action potential runs down the axon to the axon terminal
  • At the axon terminal, terminal buttons have vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
  • When the action potential arrives, the neurotransmitter are released
  • These neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors/ion
    channels on the dendrites of an adjacent cell
  • Excessive neurotransmitter is reabsorbed (reuptake)
55
Q

Psychotropic medications

A

Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

56
Q

Agonists

A

Chemicals that mimic a neurotransmitter at the receptor site

  • Ex. Treatment for Parkinson’s (which involves an impairment to the dopamine system) includes dopamine
    agonists
57
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system

57
Q

Antagonists

A

Chemicals that block or impede the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at
the receptor

Ex. Certain symptoms of Schizophrenia are associated with overactive dopamine. Therefore, treatment includes a dopamine antagonist

58
Q

Reuptake inhibitors

A

Prevent unused neurotransmitter to be reabsorbed. Instead, it
remains in the synaptic cleft for longer duration, increasing its effectiveness

Ex. Depression, which has been linked with reduced serotonin levels, is commonly treated with selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

58
Q

Endocrine System

A

A network of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate various functions in the body, such as growth, metabolism, and mood

59
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland, controls the secretions of all other glands

60
Q

Thyroid

A

Releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

61
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Secrets hormones involved in the stress response

62
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar

63
Q

Gonads

A

Secretes sex hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and regulates sexual motivation and
behavior

PBSI 107 (10 decks)

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