Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Lifespan Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

physical development

A

involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cognitive development

A

involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

psychosocial development

A

involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

normative approach

A
  • tries to determine what normal development looks like
  • term often requires deeper consideration, some psychologists don’t use them anymore
  • can be used to determine if a child has a undiagnosed condition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

developmental milestones

A
  • age-related averages as general guidelines to compare children with same-age peers to determine the approximate ages they should reach specific normative events
  • not all events are universal
  • ex. crawling, walking, writing, speaking in sentences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

continuous development

A
  • views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
  • gradual development throughout life
  • is a theoretical approach regarding human development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nature

A
  • the effects our biology and genetics have on who we are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nurture

A
  • the effects our environment and culture have on who we are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

discontinuous development

A
  • believe that development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages
  • change is more sudden
  • is a theoretical approach regarding human development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nature vs. nurture

A
  • debate that seeks to understand how our personalities/traits are the product of our genetic makeup and biological factors/environment
  • debate centers on relative contribution of each
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

psychosexual development

A
  • Freud’s theory of childhood development
  • children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of body at five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
  • not supported by research, main takeaway is personality is effected by childhood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

psychosocial development

A
  • Erik Erikson’s theory of child development
  • emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature
  • personality development takes place all through lifespan
  • how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self called ego identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

schemata

A
  • concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information
  • children develop schemata to help them understand the world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

assimilation

A
  • taking in information that is comparable to what they already know
  • way of changing your schemata as you develop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

accommodation

A
  • changing your schemata based on new information
  • process continues as children interact with their environment
  • way of changing your schemata as you develop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sensorimotor

A
  • first stage of cognitive theory of development (birth - 2yrs)
  • children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior
  • ex. put objects in mouths to see if edible, and once they can grasp objects, they may shake or bang them to see if they make sounds.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

object permanence

A
  • happens between 5-8 months old
  • the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

preoperational stage

A
  • second stage of cognitive theory of development (2yrs - 7yrs)
  • children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas
  • begin to use language in the preoperational stage, but they cannot understand adult logic or mentally manipulate information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

conservation

A
  • the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
  • children can struggle to grasp this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

egocentrism

A

-child is unable to take perspective of others (thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels like them)
- part of preoperational stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

concrete operational stage

A
  • third stage of cognitive theory of development (7yrs - 11yrs)
  • children can think logically about real events, can understand numbers and employ memory strategies
  • can understand conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reversibility

A
  • objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition
  • what children can understand in concrete operational stage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

formal operational stage

A
  • fourth stage of cognitive theory of development (11yrs - adult)
  • can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations to problem solve, look at solutions, and test them - In adolescence, a renewed egocentrism occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stages of moral reasoning

A
  • idea that like cognitive development, we develop morally overtime
  • an individual progresses from capacity for pre-conventional morality (before age 9) to the capacity for conventional morality (early adolescence), and toward attaining post-conventional morality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cognitive theory of development

A
  • by Jean Piaget, focuses on children’s cognitive growth
  • thinking is a central aspect of development, children are naturally inquisitive, but don’t think/reason like adults
  • our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages (discontinuity approach)
  • thought to not be fully accurate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

sociocultural theory of development

A
  • suggested that human development is rooted in one’s culture
  • ex. A child’s social world forms basis for the formation of language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

conception

A
  • when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
  • part of germinal stage of prenatal development
28
Q

zygote

A
  • one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge
  • genetic makeup and sex of the zygote are set at this point
  • part of germinal stage of prenatal development
29
Q

mitosis

A
  • process of cell division
  • zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on
  • part of germinal stage of prenatal development
30
Q

embryo

A
  • the implantation of a zygote into the lining of the uterus
  • part of embryonic stage of prenatal development
31
Q

placenta

A
  • a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
  • organs form, heart beats, basic structures form
  • part of embryonic stage of prenatal development
32
Q

prenatal care

A
  • is medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the pregnant person and the fetus
  • reduces risk of complications during pregnancy
33
Q

teratogen

A
  • any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
34
Q

critical or sensitive period

A
  • which each organ of the fetus develops
  • makes what person ingests very crucial during this time (no alcohol or smoking)
35
Q

newborn reflexes

A
  • inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation
  • help the newborn survive until it is capable of more complex behaviors
36
Q

motor skills

A
  • our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects
37
Q

fine motor skills

A
  • focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions
  • e.g., grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon
38
Q

gross motor skills

A
  • focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements
  • e.g., balancing, running, and jumping
39
Q

attachment

A
  • a long-standing connection or bond with others
  • In social and emotional development, forming healthy attachments is very important and is the major social milestone of infancy
40
Q

secure base

A
  • a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings
  • caregiver must be responsive to the child’s needs and caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions
41
Q

secure attachment

A
  • healthiest type of attachment
  • the toddler prefers his parent over a stranger
  • attachment figure is used as a secure base to explore the environment and is sought out in times of stress
42
Q

avoidant attachment

A
  • the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves
  • reacts to parent same as stranger, slow to show positive reaction
  • theorized these caregivers are inattentive
43
Q

resistant attachment

A
  • children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them
  • result of the caregivers’ inconsistent level of response to their child
44
Q

disorganized attachment

A
  • child can’t regulate their emotions well, act erratically without caregiver
  • seen most often in kids who have been abused
45
Q

authoritative style

A
  • parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view
  • will modify rules in certain cases
  • considered healthiest way, kids tend to have high self esteem/social skills
46
Q

authoritarian style

A
  • parent places high value on conformity and obedience
  • often strict, tightly monitor their children, and express little warmth
  • can produce anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy kids
47
Q

permissive style

A
  • the kids run the show and anything goes
  • Permissive parents make few demands, rarely use punishment, very nurturing and loving, and may play the role of friend
  • children tend to lack self-discipline, display riskier behaviors
48
Q

uninvolved style

A
  • parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes neglectful
  • don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands
  • children are usually emotionally withdrawn, fearful, anxious
49
Q

temperament

A
  • innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
  • idea that children’s temperament may effect how they are parented
50
Q

adolescence

A
  • the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood (around 12-18yrs)
  • begins with puberty
51
Q

adrenarche

A

the maturing of the adrenal glands during puberty

52
Q

gonadarche

A

the maturing of the sex glands during puberty

53
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A
  • organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries and testes
  • develop during puberty
54
Q

menarche

A
  • the beginning of menstrual periods,
  • usually occurs around 12–13 years old
55
Q

spermarche

A
  • the first ejaculation
  • around 13–14 years old
56
Q

cognitive empathy

A
  • the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others
  • begins to increase in adolescence and is an important component of social problem solving and conflict avoidance
57
Q

emerging adulthood

A
  • is a relatively newly defined period of lifespan development from 18yrs - mid-20s, characterized as an in-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love
58
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory

A
  • suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years
  • happens as we age
59
Q

hospice

A
  • to help provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment, which is usually outside of a hospital setting
60
Q

living will/advance directive

A

a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants

61
Q

do not resuscitate (DNR) order

A
  • states that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient
  • based on patients wishes, which they share with friends and family
62
Q

heath care proxy

A

appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself

63
Q

prenatal development

A
  • how you develop in the womb
  • three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal
64
Q

fetal stage

A
  • third and final stage of prenatal development
  • fetus is about the size of a kidney bean and begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being while growing
65
Q

blooming

A
  • period of rapid neural growth where vast majority of neural connections and pathways occur during the first few years of a child’s life
  • afterwards pruning occurs where connections are reduced to help brain function more efficiently
66
Q

self-concept

A
  • developing a positive sense of self and being able to recognize self
  • part of childhood development
  • positive self-concept is important to healthy development
67
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A
  • physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
  • development of breasts and hips, facial hair, deepened voice
  • happens during puberty

Psychology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions