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Psychology > Chapter 12 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

social psychology

A

examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation (how variables interact to influence behavior)

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2
Q

situationism

A

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

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3
Q

dispositionism

A

holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors

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4
Q

internal factor

A

an attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament

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5
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

when people fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state

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6
Q

individualistic culture

A
  • a culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy (like the US)
  • have a higher tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error
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7
Q

collectivistic culture

A
  • a culture that focuses on communal relationships with others, such as family, friends, and community (like Asian)
  • have a lower tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error
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8
Q

actor-observer bias

A

the phenomenon of attributing other people’s behavior to internal factors (fundamental attribution error) while attributing our own behavior to situational forces

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9
Q

attribution

A
  • the process of inferring the causes of events or behaviors
  • natural tendency to assign causes to the behavior of others, and is often based on whether the cause is internal or external
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10
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors

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11
Q

just-world hypothesis

A
  • the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
  • In order to maintain the belief that the world is fair, people think that good people experience positive outcomes and vice versa
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12
Q

social role

A

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

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13
Q

social norm

A

a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members

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14
Q

script

A

a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (like riding in an elevator)

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15
Q

Stanford prison experiment

A
  • conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University
  • demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
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16
Q

attitude

A
  • our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object
  • attitudes are favorable or unfavorable: positive or negative
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17
Q

cognitive dissonance

A
  • psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions
  • ex. smoking and believing its bad for you
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18
Q

justification of effort

A
  • suggests that we value goals and achievements that we put a lot of effort into
  • if something is hard to achieve, its worthwhile
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19
Q

persuasion

A
  • the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication
  • most comes from outside forces
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20
Q

central route

A
  • logic driven and uses data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthiness
  • part of elaboration likelihood model
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21
Q

peripheral route

A
  • an indirect route that uses peripheral cues (relies on association with positive characteristics) to associate positivity with the message
    -part of elaboration likelihood model
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22
Q

foot-in-the-door

A

persuader gets a person to agree to bestow a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a bigger item

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23
Q

confederate

A
  • a person who is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher
  • used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
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24
Q

conformity

A

the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if he does not agree with the group

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25
Q

Asch effect

A

is the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment

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26
Q

normative social influence

A

people conform to the group norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group

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27
Q

informational social influence

A

people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous

28
Q

obedience

A
  • the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure
  • People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply
29
Q

groupthink

A
  • the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
  • groupthink can hinder opposing trains of thought
30
Q

group polarization

A

the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group

31
Q

social loafing

A

involves a reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled (in a group)

32
Q

prejudice

A

a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group

33
Q

stereotype

A

a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

34
Q

discrimination

A

negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group

35
Q

racism

A

prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group

36
Q

sexism

A

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

37
Q

ageism

A

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

38
Q

homophobia

A

an umbrella term referring to prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation, which is often applied to bisexual, lesbian, gay, and other non-heterosexual people

39
Q

transphobia

A

hatred or fear of those who are perceived to break or blur stereotypical gender roles

40
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an expectation held by a person that alters their behavior in a way that tends to make it true

41
Q

confirmation bias

A

we seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

42
Q

in-group

A

a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

43
Q

out-group

A

a group that we view as fundamentally different from us

44
Q

in-group bias

A

result in prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in-group

45
Q

aggression

A

what humans engage in when they seek to harm or cause pain to another person

46
Q

hostile aggression

A
  • motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain
  • a type of aggression (ex. a bar fight)
47
Q

instrumental aggression

A
  • motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
  • a type of aggression (ex. a contract killer)
48
Q

bullying

A

repeated negative treatment of another person, often an adolescent, over time

49
Q

cyberbullying

A

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person online

50
Q

bystander effect

A

a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

51
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

52
Q

prosocial behavior

A

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

53
Q

altruism

A

people’s desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

54
Q

empathy

A

the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what they feel

55
Q

homophily

A

the tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar

56
Q

reciprocity

A
  • the give and take in relationships
  • we contribute to relationships, but we expect to receive benefits as well
57
Q

self-disclosure

A
  • the sharing of personal information
  • form more intimate connections with people with whom we disclose important information about ourselves
58
Q

triangular theory of love

A
  • there are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment
  • these three components form a triangle that defines multiple types of love
59
Q

consummate love

A

a healthy relationship that has all three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment

60
Q

companionate love

A

characteristic of close friendships and family relationships, consists of intimacy and commitment but no passion

61
Q

romantic love

A

defined by having passion and intimacy, but no commitment

62
Q

social exchange theory

A

we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others

63
Q

Yale attitude change approach

A

describes the conditions under which people tend to change their attitudes.

64
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A
  • describes the dynamics of persuasion is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
  • two main routes that play a role in delivering a persuasive message: central and peripheral
65
Q

Stanley Milgram experiment

A
  • experiment that tested if people would punish others if authority figure told them to do so
  • Milgram wanted to see how everyday people were part of the Holocaust
66
Q

deindividuation

A

to situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others

67
Q

scapegoating

A

the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

Psychology (15 decks)

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