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Psychology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of the mind and behavior
- use the scientific method to acquire knowledge
- parts of psych are biological, other parts are social

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2
Q

when the science of psychology originated and why

A
  • became its own academic discipline in the late 1800s
  • was considered philosophical before this
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3
Q

empirical method

A

process to acquire knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on logical argument/previous authorities

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4
Q

critical thinking

A

the active application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information (used in psychology with the scientific method)

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5
Q

human psychology ____, but ___.

A

has been around since the dawn of humanity
psychology as a science is fairly young

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6
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

first person to be referred to as a psychologist, helped make psych a science

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7
Q

introspection

A

process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the mind like any other aspect of nature
- used by Wundt to observe psych

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8
Q

structuralism

A

focuses on the contents of the mental processes rather than their function (components of the human mind)

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9
Q

functionalism

A
  • adopts Darwinism idea of adapted “best” traits of an organism
  • est. by William James, focused on how the whole mind helps an organism fit into its environment
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10
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • theorized getting access to the unconscious mind was crucial to solve people’s problems
  • ex. dream analysis, first word that comes to mind, etc.
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11
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A
  • therapy technique that focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences
  • dominated clinical psychology for decades, popularized by Freud
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12
Q

Gestalt psychology

A
  • created by escaped Nazi Germany scientists
  • focusing how sensory parts relate to each other as a WHOLE, often how/why an individual responds to something
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13
Q

behaviorism

A
  • influence by John B. Watson, believe objective analysis of the mind impossible
  • approach of observing and controlling behavior
  • made psychology more of a science
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14
Q

humanism

A
  • a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good within all humans
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15
Q

the cognitive revolution

A
  • the focus being put back on the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry (partially due to humanism)
  • Noam Chomsky was very influential in movement
  • helped est. communication between European/US psychology
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16
Q

feminist psychology

A
  • early psychology was primarily white males, so that’s what studies focused on
  • looks at gender equalities of sexes
  • women have been contributing to psych since its birth as a science
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17
Q

mind-body problem

A
  • problem of how the mind is connected to the body
  • i.e. how do emotions go from being neurons to experience to emotion?
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18
Q

psychodynamic

A
  • Freud approach to the mind
  • systematic study of the psychological forces underlying human behavior
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19
Q

multicultural/sociocultural psychology

A
  • most psych studies have overstudied WEIRD populations & applied results to all of society
  • growing focus on doing research on other cultures
20
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  • created by Abraham Maslow, proposed hierarchy of needs for human behavior
  • humanist concept, asserts if basic needs are met, higher needs (social) motivate behavior
21
Q

client-centered therapy

A
  • started by humanist Carl Rodgers
  • patient takes lead role in the therapy session and therapist shows unconditional positive regard
  • still popular in therapy today
22
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

23
Q

American Psychological Association (APA)

A

-a professional organization representing psychologists in the US
- 54 divisions repping diversity of field and members

24
Q

biopsychology

A

-explores how our biology influences our behavior
-focuses on things like drug use/abuse, sensory and motor systems

25
Q

evolutionary psychology

A
  • study the ultimate biological causes of human behavior
  • tries to understand extent that behavior is caused by genetics vs. environment
26
Q

sensation and perception

A

-interest in both physiological aspects of sensory systems as well as in the psychological experience of sensory information

27
Q

cognitive psychology

A
  • area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and actions
28
Q

developmental psycholgy

A
  • scientific study of development across a lifespan
29
Q

personality psychology

A
  • focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
30
Q

personality traits

A

-more quantitative approach to understanding personality
- identifying, measuring, and determine how traits interact in context to understand people’s behavior

31
Q

social psychology

A

focuses on how we interact with and relate with to others

32
Q

Industrial-Organizational psychology

A
  • subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings.
33
Q

health psychology

A
  • how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
34
Q

biopsychosocial model

A
  • approach of health psychology (how health is affected by interaction of factors)
35
Q

sports and exercise psychology

A

-study the psychological aspects of sport performance (like motivation and performance anxiety)
- effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing

36
Q

clinical psychology

A
  • area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
37
Q

counseling psychology

A
  • similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy
38
Q

forensic psychology

A
  • branch of psychology that deals with questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system
39
Q

PhD

A
  • refers to doctor of philosophy degree (doesn’t refer to field of psychology per se)
  • generally needed for a career in psych
40
Q

dissertation

A

essentially a long research paper or published articles describing research that was conducted as part of PhD candidate’s postdoctoral training

41
Q

postdoctoral training programs

A

common for individuals who recently earned their PhD to seek out as a position before going to serve as faculty

42
Q

psyD

A

a doctor of psychology degree that is increasingly popular among individuals interested in pursuing careers in clinical psychology

43
Q

Even when part of the brain is “lit up” on a scan, ___.

A

numerous interactions are going on in all parts of the brain

44
Q

descriptive method

A

describe what exists, but doesn’t explain what causes that behavior

45
Q

inferential method

A

experimental method, we manipulate what exists in order to draw conclusions about cause and effect

Psychology (9 decks)

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