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Psychology > Chapter 4 - States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of internal (e.g. hunger) and external stimuli (e.g. sunlight)

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2
Q

sleep

A
  • a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
  • distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
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3
Q

wakefulness

A

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

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4
Q

biological ryhthms

A
  • a recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes
  • ex. periods, body temperature
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5
Q

circadian rhythm

A
  • a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours
  • body’s internal “clock”
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6
Q

homeostasis

A
  • the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
  • the hypothalamus is a main center of homeostasis
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7
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A
  • where the brain’s clock mechanism is
  • light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present - allows internal clock to be in sync w/outside world
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8
Q

melatonin

A
  • hormone that’s a regular of sleep-wake cycles
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9
Q

pineal gland

A
  • endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
  • thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and immune system in sleep
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10
Q

sleep regulation

A
  • to the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
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11
Q

jet lag

A

a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

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12
Q

insomnia

A

a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time

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13
Q

rotating shift work

A
  • a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
  • schedule changes so much it’s hard for circadian rhythm to maintain
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14
Q

sleep debt

A

someone that doesn’t get good sleep on a chronic basis

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15
Q

meta-analysis

A

a study that combines the results of many related studies

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16
Q

sleep rebound

A

the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep

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17
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

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18
Q

beta waves

A
  • the most popular brain activity while awake
  • have highest frequency and lowest amplitude
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19
Q

rapid eye movement (REM)

A
  • characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
  • appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness
  • last stage of sleep cycle
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20
Q

non-REM (NREM)

A
  • first three stages of sleep
  • stages divided by three patterns of brain waves
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21
Q

stage 1 sleep

A
  • a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep
  • heart rate and breathing slow down
  • easy to be woken up
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22
Q

alpha waves

A
  • brain waves during stage 1 sleep
  • patterns of waves resemble that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake, have less variability
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23
Q

theta waves

A
  • brain waves during stage 1 sleep
  • lower waves and higher amplitude than alpha waves
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24
Q

stage 2 sleep

A
  • body goes into a state of deep relaxation
  • Theta waves still dominate brain activity, but are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles
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25
Q

sleep spindle

A
  • happen during stage 2
  • a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
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26
Q

K-complex

A
  • happens during stage 2
  • a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli
  • may serve to help us respond to our environment
27
Q

NREM stage 3 sleep

A

referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

28
Q

delta waves

A
  • have the lowest frequency and highest amplitude of our sleeping brain wave patterns
  • breathing and heart rate slow down dramatically
  • much harder to wake person up
29
Q

manifest content

A
  • Freud’s way of interpreting dreams
  • the actual content, or storyline, of a dream
30
Q

latent content

A
  • Freud’s way of interpreting dreams
  • refers to the hidden meaning of a dream
  • Freud would often have sexual interpretations
31
Q

collective unconsious

A
  • a theoretical idea that an archive of information is shared by everyone in dreams
  • i.e. symbols in dreams have universal meaning
32
Q

lucid dreams

A

dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state

33
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

34
Q

parasomnia

A

one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

35
Q

sleepwalking

A

sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile

36
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A
  • when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur
  • high levels of physical activity during REM
37
Q

restless leg syndrome

A
  • uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
38
Q

night terrors

A

-result in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

39
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • defined by episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops
40
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs

41
Q

central sleep apnea

A

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

42
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A
  • common treatment for sleep apnea
  • a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways
43
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A
  • an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
  • where safe sleep habits come from
44
Q

narcolepsy

A
  • a person cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times
45
Q

cataplexy

A
  • a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis
  • often happens with narcolepsy
46
Q

physical dependence

A

changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug if they stop taking it

47
Q

psychological dependence

A

an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress

48
Q

tolerance

A
  • linked to physiological dependence
  • occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses
49
Q

withdrawal

A
  • a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
50
Q

depressant

A
  • a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
  • ex. alcohol
51
Q

stimulants

A
  • drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity
  • ex. cocaine, coffee
52
Q

methamphetamine (meth)

A
  • a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available
53
Q

euphoric high

A
  • feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking
  • what stimulant users are seeking
  • ex. ecstacy
54
Q

opioid

A
  • a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
  • can provide pain relief
55
Q

opiates

A
  • natural opioids
  • derivatives of opium, which occurs in the poppy plant
56
Q

methadone

A
  • is a synthetic opioid that is less euphoric than heroin and similar drugs
  • given to people in opioid withdrawal
57
Q

methadone clinics

A

help people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone

58
Q

codeine

A
  • is an opioid with relatively low potency
  • prescribed for minor pain, but could still be abused
59
Q

hallucinogen (psychadelics)

A
  • one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
  • ex. LSD, PCP
60
Q

hypnosis

A
  • a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
  • can help people open to suggestion
61
Q

meditation

A

the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment.

62
Q

cognitive approach to sleep

A
  • brain sleeps to conduct cognitive maintenance (important neural connections are strengthened)
  • dreams don’t really have meaning
63
Q

marijuana

A
  • sometimes grouped with hallucinogens, but doesn’t often bring about true psychedelic effects
  • more of a mood altering drug

Psychology (9 decks)

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