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Psychology > Chapter 11 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A
  • the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
  • thought to be long term, stable, and not easily changed
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2
Q

conscious

A
  • according to Freud, only about 10% of our brain
  • mental active we are aware of an able to access
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3
Q

unconscious

A
  • mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access
  • according to Freud, 90% of our brain, where unacceptable urges and desires are kept
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4
Q

Id

A
  • Freudian concept: contains our most primitive drives or urges, present from birth
  • part of unconscious
  • directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex, seeks immediate gratification
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5
Q

superego

A
  • Freudian concept: acts as our conscience (moral compass that tells us how we should behave)
  • strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or guilt
  • always in conflict with the Id
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6
Q

ego

A
  • Freudian concept: the rational part of our personality
  • considered to be the self, part of our personality that is seen by others - balances demands of the id and superego in the context of reality
    -helps the id satisfy its desires in a realistic way
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7
Q

neurosis

A
  • Freudian concept: causes by imbalances in the system
  • can lead to anxiety disorders or unhealthy behaviors
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8
Q

defense mechanisms

A
  • unconscious protective behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety
  • ego resorts to unconscious strivings to protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety
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9
Q

repressed

A
  • Freudian concept: if a memory is too overwhelming to deal with, it might be repressed and thus removed from conscious awareness
  • might cause symptoms in other areas
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10
Q

reaction formation

A
  • Freudian concept, defense mechanism
  • which someone expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations
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11
Q

regression

A
  • Freudian concept, defense mechanism
  • an individual acts much younger than their age
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12
Q

projection

A
  • Freudian concept, defense mechanism
  • a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else.
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13
Q

rationalization

A
  • Freudian concept, defense mechanism
  • justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons
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14
Q

displacement

A
  • Freudian concept, defense mechanism
  • transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
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15
Q

sublimation

A
  • Freudian concept, defense mechanism
  • redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
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16
Q

psychosexual stage of development

A
  • Freudian concept, believed personality develops entirely in childhood
  • the child’s pleasure-seeking urges, coming from the id, are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone
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17
Q

oral stage

A
  • Freudian stage of development (birth to 1 year)
  • pleasure is focused on the mouth, sucking breasts are big part of life, must be waned off properly
  • adult that bites fingers, smokes, etc. wasn’t waned off properly (still fixated)
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18
Q

anal stage

A
  • Freudian stage of development (1-3yrs)
  • children experience pleasure in bowel/bladder movements, work to control themselves
  • parents must handle toilet training properly or person may not have self-control
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19
Q

phallic stage

A
  • Freudian stage of development (3yrs- 6yrs)
  • children become aware of their genitals, boy/girl differentiation
  • child feels a desire for the opposite-sex parent, and jealousy and hatred toward the same-sex parent (boys is oedipus complex, girls penis envy)
  • ppl fail at this stage are vain
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20
Q

latency period

A
  • Freudian stage of development (6yrs to puberty)
  • not considered a stage, because sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on other pursuits
  • engage in activities with peers of the same sex, which serves to consolidate a child’s gender-role identity
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21
Q

genital stage

A
  • Freudian stage of development (puberty onwards)
  • sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface
  • young person redirects urges to socially acceptable partners (resemble the other-sex parent)
  • if got through all stages, well functioning adult
22
Q

individual psychology

A
  • focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
  • invented by Alfred Adler, branched off of Freud’s theory of personality
23
Q

inferiority complex

A
  • a person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society
  • according to Alfred Adler this drives all of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
24
Q

analytical psychology

A
  • working to balance opposing forces of conscious and unconscious thought and experience within one’s personality
  • created by Carl Jung
25
Q

collective unconscious

A
  • a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us
26
Q

archetypes

A
  • represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams
  • themes reflect common experiences of people the world over
  • coined by Carl Jung
27
Q

social-cognitive theory

A
  • emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality
  • personality comes partially from learning and from thinking
28
Q

reciprocal determinism

A
  • part of social cognitive theory
  • cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact, each factor influencing and being influenced by the others simultaneously
29
Q

self-efficacy

A
  • our level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through our social experiences
  • a cognitive factor that affects which behaviors we imitate and success in doing those behaviors
30
Q

locus of control

A
  • refers to our beliefs about the power we have over our lives
  • either internal (you have control) or external (world has control) mindset
31
Q

self-concept

A
  • our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
  • coined by humanist Carl Roger
32
Q

ideal self

A
  • the person that you would like to be
  • coined by humanist Carl Rogers, part of self-concept
33
Q

real self

A
  • the person you actually are
  • coined by humanist Carl Rogers, part of self-concept
34
Q

congruence

A
  • when our thoughts about our real ideal self are very similar (when our self-concept is accurate)
  • leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life
35
Q

incongruence

A
  • when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves
  • coined by humanist Carl Rogers
36
Q

heritability

A
  • the proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics
  • implication is that some aspects of our personalities are largely controlled by combinations of genes
37
Q

traits

A
  • characteristic ways of behaving
  • can help w/understanding someones personality
  • can be broken up into different categories
38
Q

temperament

A
  • the inborn, genetically based personality differences
  • belief that personality is largely influenced by biology
  • categories people by extra/introverted, neurotic/stable
39
Q

five factor model

A
  • the most popular theory in personality psychology today, approximation of personality dimensions
  • OCEAN (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)
  • spectrum of these traits changes with age
40
Q

culture

A
  • all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society
  • have a big effect on your personality
41
Q

selective migration

A
  • the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
  • suggests that the psychological profile of a region is closely related to that of its residents
42
Q

Minnesota multiphase personality inventory (MMPI)

A
  • One of the most widely used personality inventories
  • made up of true/false questions, screens for several factors, including if person is telling the truth in self reporting
43
Q

projective testing

A
  • kind of test relies on defense mechanisms proposed by Freud (projection) as way to assess unconscious processes
  • series of ambiguous cards is shown to the person tested, encouraged to project their feelings, impulses, and desires onto the card
44
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A
  • a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist
  • what the test-taker sees reveals unconscious feelings and struggles
45
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • A person taking the TAT is shown 8–12 ambiguous pictures and is asked to tell a story about each picture
  • stories give insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests, and goals
46
Q

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

A
  • projective test, includes 40 incomplete sentences that people are asked to complete as quickly as possible
  • used to determine people’s personality
47
Q

Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)

A
  • updated version of the RISB test, includes culturally specific ties for African Americans
  • found that people were more culturally connected by this
48
Q

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

A
  • updated version of the RISB test
  • another tool designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups, especially Hispanic youths
49
Q

Erik Erikson

A
  • psychologist who made own theory of development/personality based off of social relationships rather than Freud’s sex
  • made 8 stage model of development/personality
50
Q

things invented by Carl Jung

A

the persona, extroversion and introversion

51
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • female psychologist, focused on role of unconscious anxiety in our lives
  • can move toward people, against people, or away from people to cope
52
Q

behaviorist perspective on personality

A
  • personality only comes from punishments/reinforcements
  • can change all throughout life depending on what is punished/reinforced

Psychology (15 decks)

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